From 317440c48111f405a7dda6b9492e69f9731302cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: tomato5040 <83554828+tomato5040@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 13 May 2021 14:24:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] Add files via upload

---
 ext/crow_all.h | 10611 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10611 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 ext/crow_all.h

diff --git a/ext/crow_all.h b/ext/crow_all.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e816d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/crow_all.h
@@ -0,0 +1,10611 @@
+#pragma once
+// settings for crow
+// TODO - replace with runtime config. libucl?
+
+/* #ifdef - enables debug mode */
+//#define CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+
+/* #ifdef - enables logging */
+#define CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+
+/* #ifdef - enables ssl */
+//#define CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+
+/* #define - specifies log level */
+/*
+    Debug       = 0
+    Info        = 1
+    Warning     = 2
+    Error       = 3
+    Critical    = 4
+
+    default to INFO
+*/
+#ifndef CROW_LOG_LEVEL
+#define CROW_LOG_LEVEL 1
+#endif
+
+
+// compiler flags
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+#define CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if _MSC_VER < 1900
+#define CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+#define constexpr const
+#define noexcept throw()
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    enum class LogLevel
+    {
+#ifndef ERROR
+        DEBUG = 0,
+        INFO,
+        WARNING,
+        ERROR,
+        CRITICAL,
+#endif
+
+        Debug = 0,
+        Info,
+        Warning,
+        Error,
+        Critical,
+    };
+
+    class ILogHandler {
+        public:
+            virtual void log(std::string message, LogLevel level) = 0;
+    };
+
+    class CerrLogHandler : public ILogHandler {
+        public:
+            void log(std::string message, LogLevel /*level*/) override {
+                std::cerr << message;
+            }
+    };
+
+    class logger {
+
+        private:
+            //
+            static std::string timestamp()
+            {
+                char date[32];
+                time_t t = time(0);
+
+                tm my_tm;
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) or defined(__MINGW32__)
+                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &t);
+#else
+                gmtime_r(&t, &my_tm);
+#endif
+
+                size_t sz = strftime(date, sizeof(date), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &my_tm);
+                return std::string(date, date+sz);
+            }
+
+        public:
+
+
+            logger(std::string prefix, LogLevel level) : level_(level) {
+    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+                    stringstream_ << "(" << timestamp() << ") [" << prefix << "] ";
+    #endif
+
+            }
+            ~logger() {
+    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+                if(level_ >= get_current_log_level()) {
+                    stringstream_ << std::endl;
+                    get_handler_ref()->log(stringstream_.str(), level_);
+                }
+    #endif
+            }
+
+            //
+            template <typename T>
+            logger& operator<<(T const &value) {
+
+    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+                if(level_ >= get_current_log_level()) {
+                    stringstream_ << value;
+                }
+    #endif
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            //
+            static void setLogLevel(LogLevel level) {
+                get_log_level_ref() = level;
+            }
+
+            static void setHandler(ILogHandler* handler) {
+                get_handler_ref() = handler;
+            }
+
+            static LogLevel get_current_log_level() {
+                return get_log_level_ref();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            //
+            static LogLevel& get_log_level_ref()
+            {
+                static LogLevel current_level = (LogLevel)CROW_LOG_LEVEL;
+                return current_level;
+            }
+            static ILogHandler*& get_handler_ref()
+            {
+                static CerrLogHandler default_handler;
+                static ILogHandler* current_handler = &default_handler;
+                return current_handler;
+            }
+
+            //
+            std::ostringstream stringstream_;
+            LogLevel level_;
+    };
+}
+
+#define CROW_LOG_CRITICAL   \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::Critical) \
+            crow::logger("CRITICAL", crow::LogLevel::Critical)
+#define CROW_LOG_ERROR      \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::Error) \
+            crow::logger("ERROR   ", crow::LogLevel::Error)
+#define CROW_LOG_WARNING    \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::Warning) \
+            crow::logger("WARNING ", crow::LogLevel::Warning)
+#define CROW_LOG_INFO       \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::Info) \
+            crow::logger("INFO    ", crow::LogLevel::Info)
+#define CROW_LOG_DEBUG      \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::Debug) \
+            crow::logger("DEBUG   ", crow::LogLevel::Debug)
+
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <thread>
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace detail 
+    {
+        ///Fast timer queue for fixed tick value.
+        class dumb_timer_queue
+        {
+        public:
+            static int tick;
+            using key = std::pair<dumb_timer_queue*, int>;
+
+            void cancel(key& k)
+            {
+                auto self = k.first;
+                k.first = nullptr;
+                if (!self)
+                    return;
+
+                unsigned int index = (unsigned int)(k.second - self->step_);
+                if (index < self->dq_.size())
+                    self->dq_[index].second = nullptr;
+            }
+
+            key add(std::function<void()> f)
+            {
+                dq_.emplace_back(std::chrono::steady_clock::now(), std::move(f));
+                int ret = step_+dq_.size()-1;
+
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer add inside: " << this << ' ' << ret ;
+                return {this, ret};
+            }
+
+            void process()
+            {
+                if (!io_service_)
+                    return;
+
+                auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                while(!dq_.empty())
+                {
+                    auto& x = dq_.front();
+                    if (now - x.first < std::chrono::seconds(tick))
+                        break;
+                    if (x.second)
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer call: " << this << ' ' << step_;
+                        // we know that timer handlers are very simple currenty; call here
+                        x.second();
+                    }
+                    dq_.pop_front();
+                    step_++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            void set_io_service(boost::asio::io_service& io_service)
+            {
+                io_service_ = &io_service;
+            }
+
+            dumb_timer_queue() noexcept
+            {
+            }
+
+        private:
+            boost::asio::io_service* io_service_{};
+            std::deque<std::pair<decltype(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()), std::function<void()>>> dq_;
+            int step_{};
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+/* 
+ *
+ * TinySHA1 - a header only implementation of the SHA1 algorithm in C++. Based
+ * on the implementation in boost::uuid::details.
+ * 
+ * SHA1 Wikipedia Page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1
+ * 
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-22 SAURAV MOHAPATRA <mohaps@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef _TINY_SHA1_HPP_
+#define _TINY_SHA1_HPP_
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <stdint.h>
+namespace sha1
+{
+	class SHA1
+	{
+	public:
+		typedef uint32_t digest32_t[5];
+		typedef uint8_t digest8_t[20];
+		inline static uint32_t LeftRotate(uint32_t value, size_t count) {
+			return (value << count) ^ (value >> (32-count));
+		}
+		SHA1(){ reset(); }
+		virtual ~SHA1() {}
+		SHA1(const SHA1& s) { *this = s; }
+		const SHA1& operator = (const SHA1& s) {
+			memcpy(m_digest, s.m_digest, 5 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+			memcpy(m_block, s.m_block, 64);
+			m_blockByteIndex = s.m_blockByteIndex;
+			m_byteCount = s.m_byteCount;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& reset() {
+			m_digest[0] = 0x67452301;
+			m_digest[1] = 0xEFCDAB89;
+			m_digest[2] = 0x98BADCFE;
+			m_digest[3] = 0x10325476;
+			m_digest[4] = 0xC3D2E1F0;
+			m_blockByteIndex = 0;
+			m_byteCount = 0;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& processByte(uint8_t octet) {
+			this->m_block[this->m_blockByteIndex++] = octet;
+			++this->m_byteCount;
+			if(m_blockByteIndex == 64) {
+				this->m_blockByteIndex = 0;
+				processBlock();
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& processBlock(const void* const start, const void* const end) {
+			const uint8_t* begin = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(start);
+			const uint8_t* finish = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(end);
+			while(begin != finish) {
+				processByte(*begin);
+				begin++;
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& processBytes(const void* const data, size_t len) {
+			const uint8_t* block = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+			processBlock(block, block + len);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		const uint32_t* getDigest(digest32_t digest) {
+			size_t bitCount = this->m_byteCount * 8;
+			processByte(0x80);
+			if (this->m_blockByteIndex > 56) {
+				while (m_blockByteIndex != 0) {
+					processByte(0);
+				}
+				while (m_blockByteIndex < 56) {
+					processByte(0);
+				}
+			} else {
+				while (m_blockByteIndex < 56) {
+					processByte(0);
+				}
+			}
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>24) & 0xFF));
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>16) & 0xFF));
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>8 ) & 0xFF));
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount)     & 0xFF));
+	
+			memcpy(digest, m_digest, 5 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+			return digest;
+		}
+		const uint8_t* getDigestBytes(digest8_t digest) {
+			digest32_t d32;
+			getDigest(d32);
+			size_t di = 0;
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4]) & 0xFF);
+			return digest;
+		}
+	
+	protected:
+		void processBlock() {
+			uint32_t w[80];
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+				w[i]  = (m_block[i*4 + 0] << 24);
+				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 1] << 16);
+				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 2] << 8);
+				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 3]);
+			}
+			for (size_t i = 16; i < 80; i++) {
+				w[i] = LeftRotate((w[i-3] ^ w[i-8] ^ w[i-14] ^ w[i-16]), 1);
+			}
+	
+			uint32_t a = m_digest[0];
+			uint32_t b = m_digest[1];
+			uint32_t c = m_digest[2];
+			uint32_t d = m_digest[3];
+			uint32_t e = m_digest[4];
+	
+			for (std::size_t i=0; i<80; ++i) {
+				uint32_t f = 0;
+				uint32_t k = 0;
+	
+				if (i<20) {
+					f = (b & c) | (~b & d);
+					k = 0x5A827999;
+				} else if (i<40) {
+					f = b ^ c ^ d;
+					k = 0x6ED9EBA1;
+				} else if (i<60) {
+					f = (b & c) | (b & d) | (c & d);
+					k = 0x8F1BBCDC;
+				} else {
+					f = b ^ c ^ d;
+					k = 0xCA62C1D6;
+				}
+				uint32_t temp = LeftRotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + w[i];
+				e = d;
+				d = c;
+				c = LeftRotate(b, 30);
+				b = a;
+				a = temp;
+			}
+	
+			m_digest[0] += a;
+			m_digest[1] += b;
+			m_digest[2] += c;
+			m_digest[3] += d;
+			m_digest[4] += e;
+		}
+	private:
+		digest32_t m_digest;
+		uint8_t m_block[64];
+		size_t m_blockByteIndex;
+		size_t m_byteCount;
+	};
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <boost/optional.hpp>
+
+namespace crow
+{
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// qs_parse (modified)
+// https://github.com/bartgrantham/qs_parse
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*  Similar to strncmp, but handles URL-encoding for either string  */
+int qs_strncmp(const char * s, const char * qs, size_t n);
+
+
+/*  Finds the beginning of each key/value pair and stores a pointer in qs_kv.
+ *  Also decodes the value portion of the k/v pair *in-place*.  In a future
+ *  enhancement it will also have a compile-time option of sorting qs_kv
+ *  alphabetically by key.  */
+int qs_parse(char * qs, char * qs_kv[], int qs_kv_size);
+
+
+/*  Used by qs_parse to decode the value portion of a k/v pair  */
+int qs_decode(char * qs);
+
+
+/*  Looks up the value according to the key on a pre-processed query string
+ *  A future enhancement will be a compile-time option to look up the key
+ *  in a pre-sorted qs_kv array via a binary search.  */
+//char * qs_k2v(const char * key, char * qs_kv[], int qs_kv_size);
+ char * qs_k2v(const char * key, char * const * qs_kv, int qs_kv_size, int nth);
+
+
+/*  Non-destructive lookup of value, based on key.  User provides the
+ *  destinaton string and length.  */
+char * qs_scanvalue(const char * key, const char * qs, char * val, size_t val_len);
+
+// TODO: implement sorting of the qs_kv array; for now ensure it's not compiled
+#undef _qsSORTING
+
+// isxdigit _is_ available in <ctype.h>, but let's avoid another header instead
+#define CROW_QS_ISHEX(x)    ((((x)>='0'&&(x)<='9') || ((x)>='A'&&(x)<='F') || ((x)>='a'&&(x)<='f')) ? 1 : 0)
+#define CROW_QS_HEX2DEC(x)  (((x)>='0'&&(x)<='9') ? (x)-48 : ((x)>='A'&&(x)<='F') ? (x)-55 : ((x)>='a'&&(x)<='f') ? (x)-87 : 0)
+#define CROW_QS_ISQSCHR(x) ((((x)=='=')||((x)=='#')||((x)=='&')||((x)=='\0')) ? 0 : 1)
+
+inline int qs_strncmp(const char * s, const char * qs, size_t n)
+{
+    int i=0;
+    unsigned char u1, u2, unyb, lnyb;
+
+    while(n-- > 0)
+    {
+        u1 = (unsigned char) *s++;
+        u2 = (unsigned char) *qs++;
+
+        if ( ! CROW_QS_ISQSCHR(u1) ) {  u1 = '\0';  }
+        if ( ! CROW_QS_ISQSCHR(u2) ) {  u2 = '\0';  }
+
+        if ( u1 == '+' ) {  u1 = ' ';  }
+        if ( u1 == '%' ) // easier/safer than scanf
+        {
+            unyb = (unsigned char) *s++;
+            lnyb = (unsigned char) *s++;
+            if ( CROW_QS_ISHEX(unyb) && CROW_QS_ISHEX(lnyb) )
+                u1 = (CROW_QS_HEX2DEC(unyb) * 16) + CROW_QS_HEX2DEC(lnyb);
+            else
+                u1 = '\0';
+        }
+
+        if ( u2 == '+' ) {  u2 = ' ';  }
+        if ( u2 == '%' ) // easier/safer than scanf
+        {
+            unyb = (unsigned char) *qs++;
+            lnyb = (unsigned char) *qs++;
+            if ( CROW_QS_ISHEX(unyb) && CROW_QS_ISHEX(lnyb) )
+                u2 = (CROW_QS_HEX2DEC(unyb) * 16) + CROW_QS_HEX2DEC(lnyb);
+            else
+                u2 = '\0';
+        }
+
+        if ( u1 != u2 )
+            return u1 - u2;
+        if ( u1 == '\0' )
+            return 0;
+        i++;
+    }
+    if ( CROW_QS_ISQSCHR(*qs) )
+        return -1;
+    else
+        return 0;
+}
+
+
+inline int qs_parse(char * qs, char * qs_kv[], int qs_kv_size)
+{
+    int i, j;
+    char * substr_ptr;
+
+    for(i=0; i<qs_kv_size; i++)  qs_kv[i] = NULL;
+
+    // find the beginning of the k/v substrings or the fragment
+    substr_ptr = qs + strcspn(qs, "?#");
+    if (substr_ptr[0] != '\0')
+        substr_ptr++;
+    else
+        return 0; // no query or fragment
+
+    i=0;
+    while(i<qs_kv_size)
+    {
+        qs_kv[i] = substr_ptr;
+        j = strcspn(substr_ptr, "&");
+        if ( substr_ptr[j] == '\0' ) {  break;  }
+        substr_ptr += j + 1;
+        i++;
+    }
+    i++;  // x &'s -> means x iterations of this loop -> means *x+1* k/v pairs
+
+    // we only decode the values in place, the keys could have '='s in them
+    // which will hose our ability to distinguish keys from values later
+    for(j=0; j<i; j++)
+    {
+        substr_ptr = qs_kv[j] + strcspn(qs_kv[j], "=&#");
+        if ( substr_ptr[0] == '&' || substr_ptr[0] == '\0')  // blank value: skip decoding
+            substr_ptr[0] = '\0';
+        else
+            qs_decode(++substr_ptr);
+    }
+
+#ifdef _qsSORTING
+// TODO: qsort qs_kv, using qs_strncmp() for the comparison
+#endif
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+
+inline int qs_decode(char * qs)
+{
+    int i=0, j=0;
+
+    while( CROW_QS_ISQSCHR(qs[j]) )
+    {
+        if ( qs[j] == '+' ) {  qs[i] = ' ';  }
+        else if ( qs[j] == '%' ) // easier/safer than scanf
+        {
+            if ( ! CROW_QS_ISHEX(qs[j+1]) || ! CROW_QS_ISHEX(qs[j+2]) )
+            {
+                qs[i] = '\0';
+                return i;
+            }
+            qs[i] = (CROW_QS_HEX2DEC(qs[j+1]) * 16) + CROW_QS_HEX2DEC(qs[j+2]);
+            j+=2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            qs[i] = qs[j];
+        }
+        i++;  j++;
+    }
+    qs[i] = '\0';
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+
+inline char * qs_k2v(const char * key, char * const * qs_kv, int qs_kv_size, int nth = 0)
+{
+    int i;
+    size_t key_len, skip;
+
+    key_len = strlen(key);
+
+#ifdef _qsSORTING
+// TODO: binary search for key in the sorted qs_kv
+#else  // _qsSORTING
+    for(i=0; i<qs_kv_size; i++)
+    {
+        // we rely on the unambiguous '=' to find the value in our k/v pair
+        if ( qs_strncmp(key, qs_kv[i], key_len) == 0 )
+        {
+            skip = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "=");
+            if ( qs_kv[i][skip] == '=' )
+                skip++;
+            // return (zero-char value) ? ptr to trailing '\0' : ptr to value
+            if(nth == 0)
+                return qs_kv[i] + skip;
+            else 
+                --nth;
+        }
+    }
+#endif  // _qsSORTING
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+inline boost::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> qs_dict_name2kv(const char * dict_name, char * const * qs_kv, int qs_kv_size, int nth = 0)
+{
+    int i;
+    size_t name_len, skip_to_eq, skip_to_brace_open, skip_to_brace_close;
+
+    name_len = strlen(dict_name);
+
+#ifdef _qsSORTING
+// TODO: binary search for key in the sorted qs_kv
+#else  // _qsSORTING
+    for(i=0; i<qs_kv_size; i++)
+    {
+        if ( strncmp(dict_name, qs_kv[i], name_len) == 0 )
+        {
+            skip_to_eq = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "=");
+            if ( qs_kv[i][skip_to_eq] == '=' )
+                skip_to_eq++;
+            skip_to_brace_open = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "[");
+            if ( qs_kv[i][skip_to_brace_open] == '[' )
+                skip_to_brace_open++;
+            skip_to_brace_close = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "]");
+
+            if ( skip_to_brace_open <= skip_to_brace_close &&
+                 skip_to_brace_open > 0 &&
+                 skip_to_brace_close > 0 &&
+                 nth == 0 )
+            {
+                auto key = std::string(qs_kv[i] + skip_to_brace_open, skip_to_brace_close - skip_to_brace_open);
+                auto value = std::string(qs_kv[i] + skip_to_eq);
+                return boost::make_optional(std::make_pair(key, value));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                --nth;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif  // _qsSORTING
+
+    return boost::none;
+}
+
+
+inline char * qs_scanvalue(const char * key, const char * qs, char * val, size_t val_len)
+{
+    size_t i, key_len;
+    const char * tmp;
+
+    // find the beginning of the k/v substrings
+    if ( (tmp = strchr(qs, '?')) != NULL )
+        qs = tmp + 1;
+
+    key_len = strlen(key);
+    while(qs[0] != '#' && qs[0] != '\0')
+    {
+        if ( qs_strncmp(key, qs, key_len) == 0 )
+            break;
+        qs += strcspn(qs, "&") + 1;
+    }
+
+    if ( qs[0] == '\0' ) return NULL;
+
+    qs += strcspn(qs, "=&#");
+    if ( qs[0] == '=' )
+    {
+        qs++;
+        i = strcspn(qs, "&=#");
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+        strncpy_s(val, val_len, qs, (val_len - 1)<(i + 1) ? (val_len - 1) : (i + 1));
+#else
+        strncpy(val, qs, (val_len - 1)<(i + 1) ? (val_len - 1) : (i + 1));
+#endif
+		qs_decode(val);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if ( val_len > 0 )
+            val[0] = '\0';
+    }
+
+    return val;
+}
+}
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+namespace crow 
+{
+    class query_string
+    {
+    public:
+        static const int MAX_KEY_VALUE_PAIRS_COUNT = 256;
+
+        query_string()
+        {
+
+        }
+
+        query_string(const query_string& qs)
+            : url_(qs.url_)
+        {
+            for(auto p:qs.key_value_pairs_)
+            {
+                key_value_pairs_.push_back((char*)(p-qs.url_.c_str()+url_.c_str()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        query_string& operator = (const query_string& qs)
+        {
+            url_ = qs.url_;
+            key_value_pairs_.clear();
+            for(auto p:qs.key_value_pairs_)
+            {
+                key_value_pairs_.push_back((char*)(p-qs.url_.c_str()+url_.c_str()));
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        query_string& operator = (query_string&& qs)
+        {
+            key_value_pairs_ = std::move(qs.key_value_pairs_);
+            char* old_data = (char*)qs.url_.c_str();
+            url_ = std::move(qs.url_);
+            for(auto& p:key_value_pairs_)
+            {
+                p += (char*)url_.c_str() - old_data;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+
+        query_string(std::string url)
+            : url_(std::move(url))
+        {
+            if (url_.empty())
+                return;
+
+            key_value_pairs_.resize(MAX_KEY_VALUE_PAIRS_COUNT);
+
+            int count = qs_parse(&url_[0], &key_value_pairs_[0], MAX_KEY_VALUE_PAIRS_COUNT);
+            key_value_pairs_.resize(count);
+        }
+
+        void clear() 
+        {
+            key_value_pairs_.clear();
+            url_.clear();
+        }
+
+        friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const query_string& qs)
+        {
+            os << "[ ";
+            for(size_t i = 0; i < qs.key_value_pairs_.size(); ++i) {
+                if (i)
+                    os << ", ";
+                os << qs.key_value_pairs_[i];
+            }
+            os << " ]";
+            return os;
+
+        }
+
+        char* get (const std::string& name) const
+        {
+            char* ret = qs_k2v(name.c_str(), key_value_pairs_.data(), key_value_pairs_.size());
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<char*> get_list (const std::string& name) const
+        {
+            std::vector<char*> ret;
+            std::string plus = name + "[]";            
+            char* element = nullptr;
+
+            int count = 0;
+            while(1)
+            {
+                element = qs_k2v(plus.c_str(), key_value_pairs_.data(), key_value_pairs_.size(), count++);
+                if (!element)
+                    break;
+                ret.push_back(element);
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> get_dict (const std::string& name) const
+        {
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> ret;
+
+            int count = 0;
+            while(1)
+            {
+                if (auto element = qs_dict_name2kv(name.c_str(), key_value_pairs_.data(), key_value_pairs_.size(), count++))
+                    ret.insert(*element);
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        std::string url_;
+        std::vector<char*> key_value_pairs_;
+    };
+
+} // end namespace
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+#include <boost/asio/ssl.hpp>
+#endif
+
+
+#if BOOST_VERSION >= 107000
+#define GET_IO_SERVICE(s) ((boost::asio::io_context&)(s).get_executor().context())
+#else
+#define GET_IO_SERVICE(s) ((s).get_io_service())
+#endif
+namespace crow
+{
+    using namespace boost;
+    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+
+    struct SocketAdaptor
+    {
+        using context = void;
+        SocketAdaptor(boost::asio::io_service& io_service, context*)
+            : socket_(io_service)
+        {
+        }
+
+        boost::asio::io_service& get_io_service()
+        {
+            return GET_IO_SERVICE(socket_);
+        }
+
+        tcp::socket& raw_socket()
+        {
+            return socket_;
+        }
+
+        tcp::socket& socket()
+        {
+            return socket_;
+        }
+
+        tcp::endpoint remote_endpoint()
+        {
+            return socket_.remote_endpoint();
+        }
+
+        bool is_open()
+        {
+            return socket_.is_open();
+        }
+
+        void close()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            socket_.close(ec);
+        }
+
+        void shutdown_readwrite()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::socket_base::shutdown_type::shutdown_both, ec);
+        }
+
+        void shutdown_write()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::socket_base::shutdown_type::shutdown_send, ec);
+        }
+
+        void shutdown_read()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            socket_.shutdown(boost::asio::socket_base::shutdown_type::shutdown_receive, ec);
+        }
+
+        template <typename F> 
+        void start(F f)
+        {
+            f(boost::system::error_code());
+        }
+
+        tcp::socket socket_;
+    };
+
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+    struct SSLAdaptor
+    {
+        using context = boost::asio::ssl::context;
+        using ssl_socket_t = boost::asio::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>;
+        SSLAdaptor(boost::asio::io_service& io_service, context* ctx)
+            : ssl_socket_(new ssl_socket_t(io_service, *ctx))
+        {
+        }
+
+        boost::asio::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>& socket()
+        {
+            return *ssl_socket_;
+        }
+
+        tcp::socket::lowest_layer_type&
+        raw_socket()
+        {
+            return ssl_socket_->lowest_layer();
+        }
+
+        tcp::endpoint remote_endpoint()
+        {
+            return raw_socket().remote_endpoint();
+        }
+
+        bool is_open()
+        {
+            return raw_socket().is_open();
+        }
+
+        void close()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            raw_socket().close(ec);
+        }
+
+        void shutdown_readwrite()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            raw_socket().shutdown(boost::asio::socket_base::shutdown_type::shutdown_both, ec);
+        }
+
+        void shutdown_write()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            raw_socket().shutdown(boost::asio::socket_base::shutdown_type::shutdown_send, ec);
+        }
+
+        void shutdown_read()
+        {
+            boost::system::error_code ec;
+            raw_socket().shutdown(boost::asio::socket_base::shutdown_type::shutdown_receive, ec);
+        }
+
+        boost::asio::io_service& get_io_service()
+        {
+            return GET_IO_SERVICE(raw_socket());
+        }
+
+        template <typename F> 
+        void start(F f)
+        {
+            ssl_socket_->async_handshake(boost::asio::ssl::stream_base::server,
+                    [f](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
+                        f(ec);
+                    });
+        }
+
+        std::unique_ptr<boost::asio::ssl::stream<tcp::socket>> ssl_socket_;
+    };
+#endif
+}
+
+
+
+//This file is generated from nginx/conf/mime.types using nginx_mime2cpp.py
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace crow {
+    std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> mime_types {
+        {"shtml", "text/html"},
+        {"htm", "text/html"},
+        {"html", "text/html"},
+        {"css", "text/css"},
+        {"xml", "text/xml"},
+        {"gif", "image/gif"},
+        {"jpg", "image/jpeg"},
+        {"jpeg", "image/jpeg"},
+        {"js", "application/javascript"},
+        {"atom", "application/atom+xml"},
+        {"rss", "application/rss+xml"},
+        {"mml", "text/mathml"},
+        {"txt", "text/plain"},
+        {"jad", "text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor"},
+        {"wml", "text/vnd.wap.wml"},
+        {"htc", "text/x-component"},
+        {"png", "image/png"},
+        {"svgz", "image/svg+xml"},
+        {"svg", "image/svg+xml"},
+        {"tiff", "image/tiff"},
+        {"tif", "image/tiff"},
+        {"wbmp", "image/vnd.wap.wbmp"},
+        {"webp", "image/webp"},
+        {"ico", "image/x-icon"},
+        {"jng", "image/x-jng"},
+        {"bmp", "image/x-ms-bmp"},
+        {"woff", "font/woff"},
+        {"woff2", "font/woff2"},
+        {"ear", "application/java-archive"},
+        {"war", "application/java-archive"},
+        {"jar", "application/java-archive"},
+        {"json", "application/json"},
+        {"hqx", "application/mac-binhex40"},
+        {"doc", "application/msword"},
+        {"pdf", "application/pdf"},
+        {"ai", "application/postscript"},
+        {"eps", "application/postscript"},
+        {"ps", "application/postscript"},
+        {"rtf", "application/rtf"},
+        {"m3u8", "application/vnd.apple.mpegurl"},
+        {"kml", "application/vnd.google-earth.kml+xml"},
+        {"kmz", "application/vnd.google-earth.kmz"},
+        {"xls", "application/vnd.ms-excel"},
+        {"eot", "application/vnd.ms-fontobject"},
+        {"ppt", "application/vnd.ms-powerpoint"},
+        {"odg", "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.graphics"},
+        {"odp", "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation"},
+        {"ods", "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet"},
+        {"odt", "application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text"},
+        {"pptx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation"},
+        {"xlsx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet"},
+        {"docx", "application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"},
+        {"wmlc", "application/vnd.wap.wmlc"},
+        {"7z", "application/x-7z-compressed"},
+        {"cco", "application/x-cocoa"},
+        {"jardiff", "application/x-java-archive-diff"},
+        {"jnlp", "application/x-java-jnlp-file"},
+        {"run", "application/x-makeself"},
+        {"pm", "application/x-perl"},
+        {"pl", "application/x-perl"},
+        {"pdb", "application/x-pilot"},
+        {"prc", "application/x-pilot"},
+        {"rar", "application/x-rar-compressed"},
+        {"rpm", "application/x-redhat-package-manager"},
+        {"sea", "application/x-sea"},
+        {"swf", "application/x-shockwave-flash"},
+        {"sit", "application/x-stuffit"},
+        {"tk", "application/x-tcl"},
+        {"tcl", "application/x-tcl"},
+        {"crt", "application/x-x509-ca-cert"},
+        {"pem", "application/x-x509-ca-cert"},
+        {"der", "application/x-x509-ca-cert"},
+        {"xpi", "application/x-xpinstall"},
+        {"xhtml", "application/xhtml+xml"},
+        {"xspf", "application/xspf+xml"},
+        {"zip", "application/zip"},
+        {"dll", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"exe", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"bin", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"deb", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"dmg", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"img", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"iso", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"msm", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"msp", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"msi", "application/octet-stream"},
+        {"kar", "audio/midi"},
+        {"midi", "audio/midi"},
+        {"mid", "audio/midi"},
+        {"mp3", "audio/mpeg"},
+        {"ogg", "audio/ogg"},
+        {"m4a", "audio/x-m4a"},
+        {"ra", "audio/x-realaudio"},
+        {"3gp", "video/3gpp"},
+        {"3gpp", "video/3gpp"},
+        {"ts", "video/mp2t"},
+        {"mp4", "video/mp4"},
+        {"mpg", "video/mpeg"},
+        {"mpeg", "video/mpeg"},
+        {"mov", "video/quicktime"},
+        {"webm", "video/webm"},
+        {"flv", "video/x-flv"},
+        {"m4v", "video/x-m4v"},
+        {"mng", "video/x-mng"},
+        {"asf", "video/x-ms-asf"},
+        {"asx", "video/x-ms-asf"},
+        {"wmv", "video/x-ms-wmv"},
+        {"avi", "video/x-msvideo"}
+    };
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    struct ci_hash
+    {
+        size_t operator()(const std::string& key) const
+        {
+            std::size_t seed = 0;
+            std::locale locale;
+
+            for(auto c : key)
+            {
+                boost::hash_combine(seed, std::toupper(c, locale));
+            }
+
+            return seed;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ci_key_eq
+    {
+        bool operator()(const std::string& l, const std::string& r) const
+        {
+            return boost::iequals(l, r);
+        }
+    };
+
+    using ci_map = std::unordered_multimap<std::string, std::string, ci_hash, ci_key_eq>;
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace black_magic
+    {
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        struct OutOfRange
+        {
+            OutOfRange(unsigned /*pos*/, unsigned /*length*/) {}
+        };
+        constexpr unsigned requires_in_range( unsigned i, unsigned len )
+        {
+            return i >= len ? throw OutOfRange(i, len) : i;
+        }
+
+        class const_str
+        {
+            const char * const begin_;
+            unsigned size_;
+
+            public:
+            template< unsigned N >
+                constexpr const_str( const char(&arr)[N] ) : begin_(arr), size_(N - 1) {
+                    static_assert( N >= 1, "not a string literal");
+                }
+            constexpr char operator[]( unsigned i ) const { 
+                return requires_in_range(i, size_), begin_[i]; 
+            }
+
+            constexpr operator const char *() const { 
+                return begin_; 
+            }
+
+            constexpr const char* begin() const { return begin_; }
+            constexpr const char* end() const { return begin_ + size_; }
+
+            constexpr unsigned size() const { 
+                return size_; 
+            }
+        };
+
+        constexpr unsigned find_closing_tag(const_str s, unsigned p)
+        {
+            return s[p] == '>' ? p : find_closing_tag(s, p+1);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_valid(const_str s, unsigned i = 0, int f = 0)
+        {
+            return 
+                i == s.size()
+                    ? f == 0 :
+                f < 0 || f >= 2
+                    ? false :
+                s[i] == '<'
+                    ? is_valid(s, i+1, f+1) :
+                s[i] == '>'
+                    ? is_valid(s, i+1, f-1) :
+                is_valid(s, i+1, f);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_equ_p(const char* a, const char* b, unsigned n)
+        {
+            return
+                *a == 0 && *b == 0 && n == 0 
+                    ? true :
+                (*a == 0 || *b == 0)
+                    ? false :
+                n == 0
+                    ? true :
+                *a != *b
+                    ? false :
+                is_equ_p(a+1, b+1, n-1);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_equ_n(const_str a, unsigned ai, const_str b, unsigned bi, unsigned n)
+        {
+            return 
+                ai + n > a.size() || bi + n > b.size() 
+                    ? false :
+                n == 0 
+                    ? true : 
+                a[ai] != b[bi] 
+                    ? false : 
+                is_equ_n(a,ai+1,b,bi+1,n-1);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_int(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<int>", 0, 5);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_uint(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<uint>", 0, 6);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_float(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<float>", 0, 7) ||
+                is_equ_n(s, i, "<double>", 0, 8);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_str(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<str>", 0, 5) ||
+                is_equ_n(s, i, "<string>", 0, 8);
+        }
+
+        constexpr bool is_path(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<path>", 0, 6);
+        }
+#endif
+        template <typename T> 
+        struct parameter_tag
+        {
+            static const int value = 0;
+        };
+#define CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(t, i) \
+template <> \
+struct parameter_tag<t> \
+{ \
+    static const int value = i; \
+}
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(int, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(char, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(short, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(long, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(long long, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned int, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned char, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned short, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned long, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned long long, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(double, 3);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(std::string, 4);
+#undef CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG
+        template <typename ... Args>
+        struct compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list;
+
+        template <>
+        struct compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<>
+        {
+            static const int value = 0;
+        };
+
+        template <typename Arg, typename ... Args>
+        struct compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<Arg, Args...>
+        {
+            static const int sub_value = 
+                compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<Args...>::value;
+            static const int value = 
+                parameter_tag<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value
+                ? sub_value* 6 + parameter_tag<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value
+                : sub_value;
+        };
+
+        static inline bool is_parameter_tag_compatible(uint64_t a, uint64_t b)
+        {
+            if (a == 0)
+                return b == 0;
+            if (b == 0)
+                return a == 0;
+            int sa = a%6;
+            int sb = a%6;
+            if (sa == 5) sa = 4;
+            if (sb == 5) sb = 4;
+            if (sa != sb)
+                return false;
+            return is_parameter_tag_compatible(a/6, b/6);
+        }
+
+        static inline unsigned find_closing_tag_runtime(const char* s, unsigned p)
+        {
+            return
+                s[p] == 0
+                ? throw std::runtime_error("unmatched tag <") :
+                s[p] == '>'
+                ? p : find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p + 1);
+        }
+        
+        static inline uint64_t get_parameter_tag_runtime(const char* s, unsigned p = 0)
+        {
+            return
+                s[p] == 0
+                    ?  0 :
+                s[p] == '<' ? (
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<int>", 5) == 0
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 1 :
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<uint>", 6) == 0
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 2 :
+                    (std::strncmp(s+p, "<float>", 7) == 0 ||
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<double>", 8) == 0)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 3 :
+                    (std::strncmp(s+p, "<str>", 5) == 0 ||
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<string>", 8) == 0)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 4 :
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<path>", 6) == 0
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 5 :
+                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid parameter type")
+                    ) :
+                get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, p+1);
+        }
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        constexpr uint64_t get_parameter_tag(const_str s, unsigned p = 0)
+        {
+            return
+                p == s.size() 
+                    ?  0 :
+                s[p] == '<' ? ( 
+                    is_int(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 1 :
+                    is_uint(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 2 :
+                    is_float(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 3 :
+                    is_str(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 4 :
+                    is_path(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 5 :
+                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid parameter type")
+                    ) : 
+                get_parameter_tag(s, p+1);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        template <typename ... T>
+        struct S
+        {
+            template <typename U>
+            using push = S<U, T...>;
+            template <typename U>
+            using push_back = S<T..., U>;
+            template <template<typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = U<T...>;
+        };
+template <typename F, typename Set>
+        struct CallHelper;
+        template <typename F, typename ...Args>
+        struct CallHelper<F, S<Args...>>
+        {
+            template <typename F1, typename ...Args1, typename = 
+                decltype(std::declval<F1>()(std::declval<Args1>()...))
+                >
+            static char __test(int);
+
+            template <typename ...>
+            static int __test(...);
+
+            static constexpr bool value = sizeof(__test<F, Args...>(0)) == sizeof(char);
+        };
+
+
+        template <int N>
+        struct single_tag_to_type
+        {
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<1>
+        {
+            using type = int64_t;
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<2>
+        {
+            using type = uint64_t;
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<3>
+        {
+            using type = double;
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<4>
+        {
+            using type = std::string;
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<5>
+        {
+            using type = std::string;
+        };
+
+
+        template <uint64_t Tag> 
+        struct arguments
+        {
+            using subarguments = typename arguments<Tag/6>::type;
+            using type = 
+                typename subarguments::template push<typename single_tag_to_type<Tag%6>::type>;
+        };
+
+        template <> 
+        struct arguments<0>
+        {
+            using type = S<>;
+        };
+
+        template <typename ... T>
+        struct last_element_type
+        {
+            using type = typename std::tuple_element<sizeof...(T)-1, std::tuple<T...>>::type;
+        };
+
+
+        template <>
+        struct last_element_type<>
+        {
+        };
+
+
+        // from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13072359/c11-compile-time-array-with-logarithmic-evaluation-depth
+        template<class T> using Invoke = typename T::type;
+
+        template<unsigned...> struct seq{ using type = seq; };
+
+        template<class S1, class S2> struct concat;
+
+        template<unsigned... I1, unsigned... I2>
+        struct concat<seq<I1...>, seq<I2...>>
+          : seq<I1..., (sizeof...(I1)+I2)...>{};
+
+        template<class S1, class S2>
+        using Concat = Invoke<concat<S1, S2>>;
+
+        template<unsigned N> struct gen_seq;
+        template<unsigned N> using GenSeq = Invoke<gen_seq<N>>;
+
+        template<unsigned N>
+        struct gen_seq : Concat<GenSeq<N/2>, GenSeq<N - N/2>>{};
+
+        template<> struct gen_seq<0> : seq<>{};
+        template<> struct gen_seq<1> : seq<0>{};
+
+        template <typename Seq, typename Tuple> 
+        struct pop_back_helper;
+
+        template <unsigned ... N, typename Tuple>
+        struct pop_back_helper<seq<N...>, Tuple>
+        {
+            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = U<typename std::tuple_element<N, Tuple>::type...>;
+        };
+
+        template <typename ... T>
+        struct pop_back //: public pop_back_helper<typename gen_seq<sizeof...(T)-1>::type, std::tuple<T...>>
+        {
+            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = typename pop_back_helper<typename gen_seq<sizeof...(T)-1>::type, std::tuple<T...>>::template rebind<U>;
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct pop_back<>
+        {
+            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = U<>;
+        };
+
+        // from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2118541/check-if-c0x-parameter-pack-contains-a-type
+        template < typename Tp, typename... List >
+        struct contains : std::true_type {};
+
+        template < typename Tp, typename Head, typename... Rest >
+        struct contains<Tp, Head, Rest...>
+        : std::conditional< std::is_same<Tp, Head>::value,
+            std::true_type,
+            contains<Tp, Rest...>
+        >::type {};
+
+        template < typename Tp >
+        struct contains<Tp> : std::false_type {};
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct empty_context
+        {
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct promote
+        {
+            using type = T;
+        };
+
+#define CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(t1, t2) \
+        template<> \
+        struct promote<t1> \
+        {  \
+            using type = t2; \
+        }
+
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(char, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(short, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(int, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(long, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(long long, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned char, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned short, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned int, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned long, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned long long, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(float, double);
+#undef CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE
+
+        template <typename T>
+        using promote_t = typename promote<T>::type;
+
+    } // namespace black_magic
+
+    namespace detail
+    {
+
+        template <class T, std::size_t N, class... Args>
+        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl
+        {
+            static constexpr auto value = N;
+        };
+
+        template <class T, std::size_t N, class... Args>
+        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N, T, Args...>
+        {
+            static constexpr auto value = N;
+        };
+
+        template <class T, std::size_t N, class U, class... Args>
+        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N, U, Args...>
+        {
+            static constexpr auto value = get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N + 1, Args...>::value;
+        };
+
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    namespace utility
+    {
+        template <class T, class... Args>
+        T& get_element_by_type(std::tuple<Args...>& t)
+        {
+            return std::get<detail::get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, 0, Args...>::value>(t);
+        }
+
+        template<typename T> 
+        struct function_traits;  
+
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        template<typename T> 
+        struct function_traits : public function_traits<decltype(&T::operator())>
+        {
+            using parent_t = function_traits<decltype(&T::operator())>;
+            static const size_t arity = parent_t::arity;
+            using result_type = typename parent_t::result_type;
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename parent_t::template arg<i>;
+        
+        };  
+#endif
+
+        template<typename ClassType, typename R, typename ...Args> 
+        struct function_traits<R(ClassType::*)(Args...) const>
+        {
+            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
+
+            typedef R result_type;
+
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
+        };
+
+        template<typename ClassType, typename R, typename ...Args> 
+        struct function_traits<R(ClassType::*)(Args...)>
+        {
+            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
+
+            typedef R result_type;
+
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
+        };
+
+        template<typename R, typename ...Args> 
+        struct function_traits<std::function<R(Args...)>>
+        {
+            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
+
+            typedef R result_type;
+
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
+        };
+
+        inline static std::string base64encode(const char* data, size_t size, const char* key = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/")
+        {
+            std::string ret;
+            ret.resize((size+2) / 3 * 4);
+            auto it = ret.begin();
+            while(size >= 3)
+            {
+                *it++ = key[(((unsigned char)*data)&0xFC)>>2];
+                unsigned char h = (((unsigned char)*data++) & 0x03) << 4;
+                *it++ = key[h|((((unsigned char)*data)&0xF0)>>4)];
+                h = (((unsigned char)*data++) & 0x0F) << 2;
+                *it++ = key[h|((((unsigned char)*data)&0xC0)>>6)];
+                *it++ = key[((unsigned char)*data++)&0x3F];
+
+                size -= 3;
+            }
+            if (size == 1)
+            {
+                *it++ = key[(((unsigned char)*data)&0xFC)>>2];
+                unsigned char h = (((unsigned char)*data++) & 0x03) << 4;
+                *it++ = key[h];
+                *it++ = '=';
+                *it++ = '=';
+            }
+            else if (size == 2)
+            {
+                *it++ = key[(((unsigned char)*data)&0xFC)>>2];
+                unsigned char h = (((unsigned char)*data++) & 0x03) << 4;
+                *it++ = key[h|((((unsigned char)*data)&0xF0)>>4)];
+                h = (((unsigned char)*data++) & 0x0F) << 2;
+                *it++ = key[h];
+                *it++ = '=';
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        inline static std::string base64encode_urlsafe(const char* data, size_t size)
+        {
+            return base64encode(data, size, "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_");
+        }
+
+
+    } // namespace utility
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    enum class HTTPMethod
+    {
+#ifndef DELETE
+        DELETE = 0,
+        GET,
+        HEAD,
+        POST,
+        PUT,
+        CONNECT,
+        OPTIONS,
+        TRACE,
+        PATCH,
+        PURGE,
+#endif
+
+        Delete = 0,
+        Get,
+        Head,
+        Post,
+        Put,
+        Connect,
+        Options,
+        Trace,
+        Patch,
+        Purge,
+
+
+        InternalMethodCount,
+        // should not add an item below this line: used for array count
+    };
+
+    inline std::string method_name(HTTPMethod method)
+    {
+        switch(method)
+        {
+            case HTTPMethod::Delete:
+                return "DELETE";
+            case HTTPMethod::Get:
+                return "GET";
+            case HTTPMethod::Head:
+                return "HEAD";
+            case HTTPMethod::Post:
+                return "POST";
+            case HTTPMethod::Put:
+                return "PUT";
+            case HTTPMethod::Connect:
+                return "CONNECT";
+            case HTTPMethod::Options:
+                return "OPTIONS";
+            case HTTPMethod::Trace:
+                return "TRACE";
+            case HTTPMethod::Patch:
+                return "PATCH";
+            case HTTPMethod::Purge:
+                return "PURGE";
+            default:
+                return "invalid";
+        }
+        return "invalid";
+    }
+
+    enum class ParamType
+    {
+        INT,
+        UINT,
+        DOUBLE,
+        STRING,
+        PATH,
+
+        MAX
+    };
+
+    struct routing_params
+    {
+        std::vector<int64_t> int_params;
+        std::vector<uint64_t> uint_params;
+        std::vector<double> double_params;
+        std::vector<std::string> string_params;
+
+        void debug_print() const
+        {
+            std::cerr << "routing_params" << std::endl;
+            for(auto i:int_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
+            for(auto i:uint_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
+            for(auto i:double_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
+            for(auto& i:string_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        T get(unsigned) const;
+
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    inline int64_t routing_params::get<int64_t>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return int_params[index];
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline uint64_t routing_params::get<uint64_t>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return uint_params[index];
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline double routing_params::get<double>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return double_params[index];
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline std::string routing_params::get<std::string>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return string_params[index];
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+constexpr crow::HTTPMethod operator "" _method(const char* str, size_t /*len*/)
+{
+    return
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "GET", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Get :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "DELETE", 6) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Delete :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "HEAD", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Head :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "POST", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Post :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "PUT", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Put :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "OPTIONS", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Options :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "CONNECT", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Connect :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "TRACE", 5) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Trace :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "PATCH", 5) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Patch :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "PURGE", 5) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Purge :
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid http method");
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    inline const std::string& get_header_value(const T& headers, const std::string& key)
+    {
+        if (headers.count(key))
+        {
+            return headers.find(key)->second;
+        }
+        static std::string empty;
+        return empty;
+    }
+
+	struct DetachHelper;
+
+    struct request
+    {
+        HTTPMethod method;
+        std::string raw_url;
+        std::string url;
+        query_string url_params;
+        ci_map headers;
+        std::string body;
+        std::string remoteIpAddress;
+
+        void* middleware_context{};
+        boost::asio::io_service* io_service{};
+
+        request()
+            : method(HTTPMethod::Get)
+        {
+        }
+
+        request(HTTPMethod method, std::string raw_url, std::string url, query_string url_params, ci_map headers, std::string body)
+            : method(method), raw_url(std::move(raw_url)), url(std::move(url)), url_params(std::move(url_params)), headers(std::move(headers)), body(std::move(body))
+        {
+        }
+
+        void add_header(std::string key, std::string value)
+        {
+            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+        }
+
+        const std::string& get_header_value(const std::string& key) const
+        {
+            return crow::get_header_value(headers, key);
+        }
+
+        template<typename CompletionHandler>
+        void post(CompletionHandler handler)
+        {
+            io_service->post(handler);
+        }
+
+        template<typename CompletionHandler>
+        void dispatch(CompletionHandler handler)
+        {
+            io_service->dispatch(handler);
+        }
+
+    };
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/array.hpp>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace websocket
+    {
+        enum class WebSocketReadState
+        {
+            MiniHeader,
+            Len16,
+            Len64,
+            Mask,
+            Payload,
+        };
+
+		struct connection
+		{
+            virtual void send_binary(const std::string& msg) = 0;
+            virtual void send_text(const std::string& msg) = 0;
+            virtual void close(const std::string& msg = "quit") = 0;
+            virtual ~connection(){}
+
+            void userdata(void* u) { userdata_ = u; }
+            void* userdata() { return userdata_; }
+
+        private:
+            void* userdata_;
+		};
+
+		template <typename Adaptor>
+        class Connection : public connection
+        {
+			public:
+				Connection(const crow::request& req, Adaptor&& adaptor, 
+						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> open_handler,
+						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&, bool)> message_handler,
+						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&)> close_handler,
+						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> error_handler,
+						std::function<bool(const crow::request&)> accept_handler)
+					: adaptor_(std::move(adaptor)), open_handler_(std::move(open_handler)), message_handler_(std::move(message_handler)), close_handler_(std::move(close_handler)), error_handler_(std::move(error_handler))
+					, accept_handler_(std::move(accept_handler))
+				{
+					if (!boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("upgrade"), "websocket"))
+					{
+						adaptor.close();
+						delete this;
+						return;
+					}
+
+					if (accept_handler_)
+					{
+						if (!accept_handler_(req))
+						{
+							adaptor.close();
+							delete this;
+							return;
+						}
+					}
+
+					// Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==
+					// Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
+                    std::string magic = req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Key") +  "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11";
+                    sha1::SHA1 s;
+                    s.processBytes(magic.data(), magic.size());
+                    uint8_t digest[20];
+                    s.getDigestBytes(digest);   
+                    start(crow::utility::base64encode((char*)digest, 20));
+				}
+
+                template<typename CompletionHandler>
+                void dispatch(CompletionHandler handler)
+                {
+                    adaptor_.get_io_service().dispatch(handler);
+                }
+
+                template<typename CompletionHandler>
+                void post(CompletionHandler handler)
+                {
+                    adaptor_.get_io_service().post(handler);
+                }
+
+                void send_pong(const std::string& msg)
+                {
+                    dispatch([this, msg]{
+                        char buf[3] = "\x8A\x00";
+                        buf[1] += msg.size();
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(buf, buf+2);
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(msg);
+                        do_write();
+                    });
+                }
+
+                void send_binary(const std::string& msg) override
+                {
+                    dispatch([this, msg]{
+                        auto header = build_header(2, msg.size());
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(std::move(header));
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(msg);
+                        do_write();
+                    });
+                }
+
+                void send_text(const std::string& msg) override
+                {
+                    dispatch([this, msg]{
+                        auto header = build_header(1, msg.size());
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(std::move(header));
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(msg);
+                        do_write();
+                    });
+                }
+
+                void close(const std::string& msg) override
+                {
+                    dispatch([this, msg]{
+                        has_sent_close_ = true;
+                        if (has_recv_close_ && !is_close_handler_called_)
+                        {
+                            is_close_handler_called_ = true;
+                            if (close_handler_)
+                                close_handler_(*this, msg);
+                        }
+                        auto header = build_header(0x8, msg.size());
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(std::move(header));
+                        write_buffers_.emplace_back(msg);
+                        do_write();
+                    });
+                }
+
+            protected:
+
+                std::string build_header(int opcode, size_t size)
+                {
+                    char buf[2+8] = "\x80\x00";
+                    buf[0] += opcode;
+                    if (size < 126)
+                    {
+                        buf[1] += size;
+                        return {buf, buf+2};
+                    }
+                    else if (size < 0x10000)
+                    {
+                        buf[1] += 126;
+                        *(uint16_t*)(buf+2) = htons((uint16_t)size);
+                        return {buf, buf+4};
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        buf[1] += 127;
+                        *reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(buf+2) = ((1==htonl(1)) ? static_cast<uint64_t>(size) : (static_cast<uint64_t>(htonl((size) & 0xFFFFFFFF)) << 32) | htonl(static_cast<uint64_t>(size) >> 32));
+                        return {buf, buf+10};
+                    }
+                }
+
+                void start(std::string&& hello)
+                {
+                    static std::string header = "HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols\r\n"
+                        "Upgrade: websocket\r\n"
+                        "Connection: Upgrade\r\n"
+                        "Sec-WebSocket-Accept: ";
+                    static std::string crlf = "\r\n";
+                    write_buffers_.emplace_back(header);
+                    write_buffers_.emplace_back(std::move(hello));
+                    write_buffers_.emplace_back(crlf);
+                    write_buffers_.emplace_back(crlf);
+                    do_write();
+                    if (open_handler_)
+                        open_handler_(*this);
+                    do_read();
+                }
+
+                void do_read()
+                {
+                    is_reading = true;
+                    switch(state_)
+                    {
+                        case WebSocketReadState::MiniHeader:
+                            {
+                                //boost::asio::async_read(adaptor_.socket(), boost::asio::buffer(&mini_header_, 1), 
+                                adaptor_.socket().async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(&mini_header_, 2), 
+                                    [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t 
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+                                        bytes_transferred
+#endif
+                                        )
+
+                                    {
+                                        is_reading = false;
+                                        mini_header_ = ntohs(mini_header_);
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+                                        
+                                        if (!ec && bytes_transferred != 2)
+                                        {
+                                            throw std::runtime_error("WebSocket:MiniHeader:async_read fail:asio bug?");
+                                        }
+#endif
+
+                                        if (!ec && ((mini_header_ & 0x80) == 0x80))
+                                        {
+                                            if ((mini_header_ & 0x7f) == 127)
+                                            {
+                                                state_ = WebSocketReadState::Len64;
+                                            }
+                                            else if ((mini_header_ & 0x7f) == 126)
+                                            {
+                                                state_ = WebSocketReadState::Len16;
+                                            }
+                                            else
+                                            {
+                                                remaining_length_ = mini_header_ & 0x7f;
+                                                state_ = WebSocketReadState::Mask;
+                                            }
+                                            do_read();
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            close_connection_ = true;
+                                            adaptor_.close();
+                                            if (error_handler_)
+                                                error_handler_(*this);
+                                            check_destroy();
+                                        }
+                                    });
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case WebSocketReadState::Len16:
+                            {
+                                remaining_length_ = 0;
+                                remaining_length16_ = 0;
+                                boost::asio::async_read(adaptor_.socket(), boost::asio::buffer(&remaining_length16_, 2), 
+                                    [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t 
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+                                        bytes_transferred
+#endif
+                                        ) 
+                                    {
+                                        is_reading = false;
+                                        remaining_length16_ = ntohs(remaining_length16_);
+                                        remaining_length_ = remaining_length16_;
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+                                        if (!ec && bytes_transferred != 2)
+                                        {
+                                            throw std::runtime_error("WebSocket:Len16:async_read fail:asio bug?");
+                                        }
+#endif
+
+                                        if (!ec)
+                                        {
+                                            state_ = WebSocketReadState::Mask;
+                                            do_read();
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            close_connection_ = true;
+                                            adaptor_.close();
+                                            if (error_handler_)
+                                                error_handler_(*this);
+                                            check_destroy();
+                                        }
+                                    });
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case WebSocketReadState::Len64:
+                            {
+                                boost::asio::async_read(adaptor_.socket(), boost::asio::buffer(&remaining_length_, 8), 
+                                    [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t 
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+                                        bytes_transferred
+#endif
+                                        ) 
+                                    {
+                                        is_reading = false;
+                                        remaining_length_ = ((1==ntohl(1)) ? (remaining_length_) : ((uint64_t)ntohl((remaining_length_) & 0xFFFFFFFF) << 32) | ntohl((remaining_length_) >> 32));
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+                                        if (!ec && bytes_transferred != 8)
+                                        {
+                                            throw std::runtime_error("WebSocket:Len16:async_read fail:asio bug?");
+                                        }
+#endif
+
+                                        if (!ec)
+                                        {
+                                            state_ = WebSocketReadState::Mask;
+                                            do_read();
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            close_connection_ = true;
+                                            adaptor_.close();
+                                            if (error_handler_)
+                                                error_handler_(*this);
+                                            check_destroy();
+                                        }
+                                    });
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case WebSocketReadState::Mask:
+                                boost::asio::async_read(adaptor_.socket(), boost::asio::buffer((char*)&mask_, 4), 
+                                    [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t 
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG 
+                                        bytes_transferred
+#endif
+                                    )
+                                    {
+                                        is_reading = false;
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+                                        if (!ec && bytes_transferred != 4)
+                                        {
+                                            throw std::runtime_error("WebSocket:Mask:async_read fail:asio bug?");
+                                        }
+#endif
+
+                                        if (!ec)
+                                        {
+                                            state_ = WebSocketReadState::Payload;
+                                            do_read();
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            close_connection_ = true;
+                                            if (error_handler_)
+                                                error_handler_(*this);
+                                            adaptor_.close();
+                                        }
+                                    });
+                            break;
+                        case WebSocketReadState::Payload:
+                            {
+                                size_t to_read = buffer_.size();
+                                if (remaining_length_ < to_read)
+                                    to_read = remaining_length_;
+                                adaptor_.socket().async_read_some( boost::asio::buffer(buffer_, to_read), 
+                                    [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
+                                    {
+                                        is_reading = false;
+
+                                        if (!ec)
+                                        {
+                                            fragment_.insert(fragment_.end(), buffer_.begin(), buffer_.begin() + bytes_transferred);
+                                            remaining_length_ -= bytes_transferred;
+                                            if (remaining_length_ == 0)
+                                            {
+                                                handle_fragment();
+                                                state_ = WebSocketReadState::MiniHeader;
+                                                do_read();
+                                            }
+					    else
+                                                do_read();
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            close_connection_ = true;
+                                            if (error_handler_)
+                                                error_handler_(*this);
+                                            adaptor_.close();
+                                        }
+                                    });
+                            }
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                bool is_FIN()
+                {
+                    return mini_header_ & 0x8000;
+                }
+
+                int opcode()
+                {
+                    return (mini_header_ & 0x0f00) >> 8;
+                }
+
+                void handle_fragment()
+                {
+                    for(decltype(fragment_.length()) i = 0; i < fragment_.length(); i ++)
+                    {
+                        fragment_[i] ^= ((char*)&mask_)[i%4];
+                    }
+                    switch(opcode())
+                    {
+                        case 0: // Continuation
+                            {
+                                message_ += fragment_;
+                                if (is_FIN())
+                                {
+                                    if (message_handler_)
+                                        message_handler_(*this, message_, is_binary_);
+                                    message_.clear();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case 1: // Text
+                            {
+                                is_binary_ = false;
+                                message_ += fragment_;
+                                if (is_FIN())
+                                {
+                                    if (message_handler_)
+                                        message_handler_(*this, message_, is_binary_);
+                                    message_.clear();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case 2: // Binary
+                            {
+                                is_binary_ = true;
+                                message_ += fragment_;
+                                if (is_FIN())
+                                {
+                                    if (message_handler_)
+                                        message_handler_(*this, message_, is_binary_);
+                                    message_.clear();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case 0x8: // Close
+                            {
+                                has_recv_close_ = true;
+                                if (!has_sent_close_)
+                                {
+                                    close(fragment_);
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    adaptor_.close();
+                                    close_connection_ = true;
+                                    if (!is_close_handler_called_)
+                                    {
+                                        if (close_handler_)
+                                            close_handler_(*this, fragment_);
+                                        is_close_handler_called_ = true;
+                                    }
+                                    check_destroy();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case 0x9: // Ping
+                            {
+                                send_pong(fragment_);
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case 0xA: // Pong
+                            {
+                                pong_received_ = true;
+                            }
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    fragment_.clear();
+                }
+
+                void do_write()
+                {
+                    if (sending_buffers_.empty())
+                    {
+                        sending_buffers_.swap(write_buffers_);
+                        std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> buffers;
+                        buffers.reserve(sending_buffers_.size());
+                        for(auto& s:sending_buffers_)
+                        {
+                            buffers.emplace_back(boost::asio::buffer(s));
+                        }
+                        boost::asio::async_write(adaptor_.socket(), buffers, 
+                            [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t /*bytes_transferred*/)
+                            {
+                                sending_buffers_.clear();
+                                if (!ec && !close_connection_)
+                                {
+                                    if (!write_buffers_.empty())
+                                        do_write();
+                                    if (has_sent_close_)
+                                        close_connection_ = true;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    close_connection_ = true;
+                                    check_destroy();
+                                }
+                            });
+                    }
+                }
+
+                void check_destroy()
+                {
+                    //if (has_sent_close_ && has_recv_close_)
+                    if (!is_close_handler_called_)
+                        if (close_handler_)
+                            close_handler_(*this, "uncleanly");
+                    if (sending_buffers_.empty() && !is_reading)
+                        delete this;
+                }
+			private:
+				Adaptor adaptor_;
+
+                std::vector<std::string> sending_buffers_;
+                std::vector<std::string> write_buffers_;
+
+                boost::array<char, 4096> buffer_;
+                bool is_binary_;
+                std::string message_;
+                std::string fragment_;
+                WebSocketReadState state_{WebSocketReadState::MiniHeader};
+                uint16_t remaining_length16_{0};
+                uint64_t remaining_length_{0};
+                bool close_connection_{false};
+                bool is_reading{false};
+                uint32_t mask_;
+                uint16_t mini_header_;
+                bool has_sent_close_{false};
+                bool has_recv_close_{false};
+                bool error_occured_{false};
+                bool pong_received_{false};
+                bool is_close_handler_called_{false};
+
+				std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> open_handler_;
+				std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&, bool)> message_handler_;
+				std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&)> close_handler_;
+				std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> error_handler_;
+				std::function<bool(const crow::request&)> accept_handler_;
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+//#define CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/operators.hpp>
+#include <vector>
+
+
+
+
+#if defined(__GNUG__) || defined(__clang__)
+#define crow_json_likely(x) __builtin_expect(x, 1)
+#define crow_json_unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(x, 0)
+#else
+#define crow_json_likely(x) x
+#define crow_json_unlikely(x) x
+#endif
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace mustache
+    {
+        class template_t;
+    }
+
+    namespace json
+    {
+        inline void escape(const std::string& str, std::string& ret)
+        {
+            ret.reserve(ret.size() + str.size()+str.size()/4);
+            for(unsigned char c:str)
+            {
+                switch(c)
+                {
+                    case '"': ret += "\\\""; break;
+                    case '\\': ret += "\\\\"; break;
+                    case '\n': ret += "\\n"; break;
+                    case '\b': ret += "\\b"; break;
+                    case '\f': ret += "\\f"; break;
+                    case '\r': ret += "\\r"; break;
+                    case '\t': ret += "\\t"; break;
+                    default:
+                        if (c < 0x20)
+                        {
+                            ret += "\\u00";
+                            auto to_hex = [](char c)
+                            {
+                                c = c&0xf;
+                                if (c < 10)
+                                    return '0' + c;
+                                return 'a'+c-10;
+                            };
+                            ret += to_hex(c/16);
+                            ret += to_hex(c%16);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            ret += c;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        inline std::string escape(const std::string& str)
+        {
+            std::string ret;
+            escape(str, ret);
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        enum class type : char
+        {
+            Null,
+            False,
+            True,
+            Number,
+            String,
+            List,
+            Object,
+        };
+
+        inline const char* get_type_str(type t) {
+            switch(t){
+                case type::Number: return "Number";
+                case type::False: return "False";
+                case type::True: return "True";
+                case type::List: return "List";
+                case type::String: return "String";
+                case type::Object: return "Object";
+                default: return "Unknown";
+            }
+        }
+
+        enum class num_type : char {
+            Signed_integer,
+            Unsigned_integer,
+            Floating_point,
+            Null
+        };
+
+        class rvalue;
+        rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size);
+
+        namespace detail 
+        {
+
+            struct r_string 
+                : boost::less_than_comparable<r_string>,
+                boost::less_than_comparable<r_string, std::string>,
+                boost::equality_comparable<r_string>,
+                boost::equality_comparable<r_string, std::string>
+            {
+                r_string() {};
+                r_string(char* s, char* e)
+                    : s_(s), e_(e)
+                {};
+                ~r_string()
+                {
+                    if (owned_)
+                        delete[] s_;
+                }
+
+                r_string(const r_string& r)
+                {
+                    *this = r;
+                }
+
+                r_string(r_string&& r)
+                {
+                    *this = r;
+                }
+
+                r_string& operator = (r_string&& r)
+                {
+                    s_ = r.s_;
+                    e_ = r.e_;
+                    owned_ = r.owned_;
+                    if (r.owned_)
+                        r.owned_ = 0;
+                    return *this;
+                }
+
+                r_string& operator = (const r_string& r)
+                {
+                    s_ = r.s_;
+                    e_ = r.e_;
+                    owned_ = 0;
+                    return *this;
+                }
+
+                operator std::string () const
+                {
+                    return std::string(s_, e_);
+                }
+
+
+                const char* begin() const { return s_; }
+                const char* end() const { return e_; }
+                size_t size() const { return end() - begin(); }
+
+                using iterator = const char*;
+                using const_iterator = const char*;
+
+                char* s_;
+                mutable char* e_;
+                uint8_t owned_{0};
+                friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const r_string& s)
+                {
+                    os << (std::string)s;
+                    return os;
+                }
+            private:
+                void force(char* s, uint32_t length)
+                {
+                    s_ = s;
+                    e_ = s_ + length;
+                    owned_ = 1;
+                }
+                friend rvalue crow::json::load(const char* data, size_t size);
+            };
+
+            inline bool operator < (const r_string& l, const r_string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::lexicographical_compare(l,r);
+            }
+
+            inline bool operator < (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::lexicographical_compare(l,r);
+            }
+
+            inline bool operator > (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::lexicographical_compare(r,l);
+            }
+
+            inline bool operator == (const r_string& l, const r_string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::equals(l,r);
+            }
+
+            inline bool operator == (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::equals(l,r);
+            }
+        }
+
+        class rvalue
+        {
+            static const int cached_bit = 2;
+            static const int error_bit = 4;
+        public:
+            rvalue() noexcept : option_{error_bit} 
+            {}
+            rvalue(type t) noexcept
+                : lsize_{}, lremain_{}, t_{t}
+            {}
+            rvalue(type t, char* s, char* e)  noexcept
+                : start_{s},
+                end_{e},
+                t_{t}
+            {
+                determine_num_type();
+            }
+
+            rvalue(const rvalue& r)
+            : start_(r.start_),
+                end_(r.end_),
+                key_(r.key_),
+                t_(r.t_),
+                nt_(r.nt_),
+                option_(r.option_)
+            {
+                copy_l(r);
+            }
+
+            rvalue(rvalue&& r) noexcept
+            {
+                *this = std::move(r);
+            }
+
+            rvalue& operator = (const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                start_ = r.start_;
+                end_ = r.end_;
+                key_ = r.key_;
+                t_ = r.t_;
+                nt_ = r.nt_;
+                option_ = r.option_;
+                copy_l(r);
+                return *this;
+            }
+            rvalue& operator = (rvalue&& r) noexcept
+            {
+                start_ = r.start_;
+                end_ = r.end_;
+                key_ = std::move(r.key_);
+                l_ = std::move(r.l_);
+                lsize_ = r.lsize_;
+                lremain_ = r.lremain_;
+                t_ = r.t_;
+                nt_ = r.nt_;
+                option_ = r.option_;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            explicit operator bool() const noexcept
+            {
+                return (option_ & error_bit) == 0;
+            }
+
+            explicit operator int64_t() const
+            {
+                return i();
+            }
+
+            explicit operator uint64_t() const
+            {
+                return u();
+            }
+
+            explicit operator int() const
+            {
+                return (int)i();
+            }
+
+            type t() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (option_ & error_bit)
+                {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid json object");
+                }
+#endif
+                return t_;
+            }
+
+            num_type nt() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (option_ & error_bit)
+                {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid json object");
+                }
+#endif
+                return nt_;
+            }
+
+            int64_t i() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                switch (t()) {
+                    case type::Number:
+                    case type::String:
+                        return boost::lexical_cast<int64_t>(start_, end_-start_);
+                    default:
+                        const std::string msg = "expected number, got: "
+                            + std::string(get_type_str(t()));
+                        throw std::runtime_error(msg);
+                }
+#endif
+                return boost::lexical_cast<int64_t>(start_, end_-start_);
+            }
+
+            uint64_t u() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                switch (t()) {
+                    case type::Number:
+                    case type::String:
+                        return boost::lexical_cast<uint64_t>(start_, end_-start_);
+                    default:
+                        throw std::runtime_error(std::string("expected number, got: ") + get_type_str(t()));
+                }
+#endif
+                return boost::lexical_cast<uint64_t>(start_, end_-start_);
+            }
+
+            double d() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Number)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not number");
+#endif
+                return boost::lexical_cast<double>(start_, end_-start_);
+            }
+
+            bool b() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::True && t() != type::False)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not boolean");
+#endif
+                return t() == type::True;
+            }
+
+            void unescape() const
+            {
+                if (*(start_-1))
+                {
+                    char* head = start_;
+                    char* tail = start_;
+                    while(head != end_)
+                    {
+                        if (*head == '\\')
+                        {
+                            switch(*++head)
+                            {
+                                case '"':  *tail++ = '"'; break;
+                                case '\\': *tail++ = '\\'; break;
+                                case '/':  *tail++ = '/'; break;
+                                case 'b':  *tail++ = '\b'; break;
+                                case 'f':  *tail++ = '\f'; break;
+                                case 'n':  *tail++ = '\n'; break;
+                                case 'r':  *tail++ = '\r'; break;
+                                case 't':  *tail++ = '\t'; break;
+                                case 'u':
+                                    {
+                                        auto from_hex = [](char c)
+                                        {
+                                            if (c >= 'a')
+                                                return c - 'a' + 10;
+                                            if (c >= 'A')
+                                                return c - 'A' + 10;
+                                            return c - '0';
+                                        };
+                                        unsigned int code = 
+                                            (from_hex(head[1])<<12) + 
+                                            (from_hex(head[2])<< 8) + 
+                                            (from_hex(head[3])<< 4) + 
+                                            from_hex(head[4]);
+                                        if (code >= 0x800)
+                                        {
+                                            *tail++ = 0xE0 | (code >> 12);
+                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | ((code >> 6) & 0x3F);
+                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | (code & 0x3F);
+                                        }
+                                        else if (code >= 0x80)
+                                        {
+                                            *tail++ = 0xC0 | (code >> 6);
+                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | (code & 0x3F);
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            *tail++ = code;
+                                        }
+                                        head += 4;
+                                    }
+                                    break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                            *tail++ = *head;
+                        head++;
+                    }
+                    end_ = tail;
+                    *end_ = 0;
+                    *(start_-1) = 0;
+                }
+            }
+
+            detail::r_string s() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::String)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not string");
+#endif
+                unescape();
+                return detail::r_string{start_, end_};
+            }
+
+            bool has(const char* str) const
+            {
+                return has(std::string(str));
+            }
+
+            bool has(const std::string& str) const
+            {
+                struct Pred 
+                {
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r.key_;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const std::string& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const std::string& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l < r.key_;
+                    };
+                };
+                if (!is_cached())
+                {
+                    std::sort(begin(), end(), Pred());
+                    set_cached();
+                }
+                auto it = lower_bound(begin(), end(), str, Pred());
+                return it != end() && it->key_ == str;
+            }
+
+            int count(const std::string& str)
+            {
+                return has(str) ? 1 : 0;
+            }
+
+            rvalue* begin() const 
+            { 
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
+#endif
+                return l_.get(); 
+            }
+            rvalue* end() const 
+            { 
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
+#endif
+                return l_.get()+lsize_; 
+            }
+
+            const detail::r_string& key() const
+            {
+                return key_;
+            }
+
+            size_t size() const
+            {
+                if (t() == type::String)
+                    return s().size();
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
+#endif
+                return lsize_;
+            }
+
+            const rvalue& operator[](int index) const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a list");
+                if (index >= (int)lsize_ || index < 0)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("list out of bound");
+#endif
+                return l_[index];
+            }
+
+            const rvalue& operator[](size_t index) const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a list");
+                if (index >= lsize_)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("list out of bound");
+#endif
+                return l_[index];
+            }
+
+            const rvalue& operator[](const char* str) const
+            {
+                return this->operator[](std::string(str));
+            }
+
+            const rvalue& operator[](const std::string& str) const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not an object");
+#endif
+                struct Pred 
+                {
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r.key_;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const std::string& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const std::string& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l < r.key_;
+                    };
+                };
+                if (!is_cached())
+                {
+                    std::sort(begin(), end(), Pred());
+                    set_cached();
+                }
+                auto it = lower_bound(begin(), end(), str, Pred());
+                if (it != end() && it->key_ == str)
+                    return *it;
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                throw std::runtime_error("cannot find key");
+#else
+                static rvalue nullValue;
+                return nullValue;
+#endif
+            }
+
+            void set_error()
+            {
+                option_|=error_bit;
+            }
+
+            bool error() const
+            {
+                return (option_&error_bit)!=0;
+            }
+        private:
+            bool is_cached() const
+            {
+                return (option_&cached_bit)!=0;
+            }
+            void set_cached() const
+            {
+                option_ |= cached_bit;
+            }
+            void copy_l(const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                if (r.t() != type::Object && r.t() != type::List)
+                    return;
+                lsize_ = r.lsize_;
+                lremain_ = 0;
+                l_.reset(new rvalue[lsize_]);
+                std::copy(r.begin(), r.end(), begin());
+            }
+
+            void emplace_back(rvalue&& v)
+            {
+                if (!lremain_)
+                {
+                    int new_size = lsize_ + lsize_;
+                    if (new_size - lsize_ > 60000)
+                        new_size = lsize_ + 60000;
+                    if (new_size < 4)
+                        new_size = 4;
+                    rvalue* p = new rvalue[new_size];
+                    rvalue* p2 = p;
+                    for(auto& x : *this)
+                        *p2++ = std::move(x);
+                    l_.reset(p);
+                    lremain_ = new_size - lsize_;
+                }
+                l_[lsize_++] = std::move(v);
+                lremain_ --;
+            }
+
+            // determines num_type from the string
+            void determine_num_type()
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::Number)
+                {
+                    nt_ = num_type::Null;
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                const std::size_t len = end_ - start_;
+                const bool has_minus = std::memchr(start_, '-', len) != nullptr;
+                const bool has_e = std::memchr(start_, 'e', len) != nullptr
+                                || std::memchr(start_, 'E', len) != nullptr;
+                const bool has_dec_sep = std::memchr(start_, '.', len) != nullptr;
+                if (has_dec_sep || has_e)
+                  nt_ = num_type::Floating_point;
+                else if (has_minus)
+                  nt_ = num_type::Signed_integer;
+                else
+                  nt_ = num_type::Unsigned_integer;
+            }
+
+            mutable char* start_;
+            mutable char* end_;
+            detail::r_string key_;
+            std::unique_ptr<rvalue[]> l_;
+            uint32_t lsize_;
+            uint16_t lremain_;
+            type t_;
+            num_type nt_{num_type::Null};
+            mutable uint8_t option_{0};
+
+            friend rvalue load_nocopy_internal(char* data, size_t size);
+            friend rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size);
+            friend std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream& os, const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                switch(r.t_)
+                {
+
+                case type::Null: os << "null"; break;
+                case type::False: os << "false"; break;
+                case type::True: os << "true"; break;
+                case type::Number:
+                    {
+                        switch (r.nt())
+                        {
+                        case num_type::Floating_point: os << r.d(); break;
+                        case num_type::Signed_integer: os << r.i(); break;
+                        case num_type::Unsigned_integer: os << r.u(); break;
+                        case num_type::Null: throw std::runtime_error("Number with num_type Null");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case type::String: os << '"' << r.s() << '"'; break;
+                case type::List: 
+                    {
+                        os << '['; 
+                        bool first = true;
+                        for(auto& x : r)
+                        {
+                            if (!first)
+                                os << ',';
+                            first = false;
+                            os << x;
+                        }
+                        os << ']'; 
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case type::Object:
+                    {
+                        os << '{'; 
+                        bool first = true;
+                        for(auto& x : r)
+                        {
+                            if (!first)
+                                os << ',';
+                            os << '"' << escape(x.key_) << "\":";
+                            first = false;
+                            os << x;
+                        }
+                        os << '}'; 
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                return os;
+            }
+        };
+        namespace detail {
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator == (const rvalue& l, const std::string& r)
+        {
+            return l.s() == r;
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator == (const std::string& l, const rvalue& r)
+        {
+            return l == r.s();
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator != (const rvalue& l, const std::string& r)
+        {
+            return l.s() != r;
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator != (const std::string& l, const rvalue& r)
+        {
+            return l != r.s();
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator == (const rvalue& l, double r)
+        {
+            return l.d() == r;
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator == (double l, const rvalue& r)
+        {
+            return l == r.d();
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator != (const rvalue& l, double r)
+        {
+            return l.d() != r;
+        }
+
+        inline bool operator != (double l, const rvalue& r)
+        {
+            return l != r.d();
+        }
+
+
+        inline rvalue load_nocopy_internal(char* data, size_t size)
+        {
+            //static const char* escaped = "\"\\/\b\f\n\r\t";
+            struct Parser
+            {
+                Parser(char* data, size_t /*size*/)
+                    : data(data)
+                {
+                }
+
+                bool consume(char c)
+                {
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data != c))
+                        return false;
+                    data++;
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                void ws_skip()
+                {
+                    while(*data == ' ' || *data == '\t' || *data == '\r' || *data == '\n') ++data;
+                };
+
+                rvalue decode_string()
+                {
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('"')))
+                        return {};
+                    char* start = data;
+                    uint8_t has_escaping = 0;
+                    while(1)
+                    {
+                        if (crow_json_likely(*data != '"' && *data != '\\' && *data != '\0'))
+                        {
+                            data ++;
+                        }
+                        else if (*data == '"')
+                        {
+                            *data = 0;
+                            *(start-1) = has_escaping;
+                            data++;
+                            return {type::String, start, data-1};
+                        }
+                        else if (*data == '\\')
+                        {
+                            has_escaping = 1;
+                            data++;
+                            switch(*data)
+                            {
+                                case 'u':
+                                    {
+                                        auto check = [](char c)
+                                        {
+                                            return 
+                                                ('0' <= c && c <= '9') ||
+                                                ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') ||
+                                                ('A' <= c && c <= 'F');
+                                        };
+                                        if (!(check(*(data+1)) && 
+                                            check(*(data+2)) && 
+                                            check(*(data+3)) && 
+                                            check(*(data+4))))
+                                            return {};
+                                    }
+                                    data += 5;
+                                    break;
+                                case '"':
+                                case '\\':
+                                case '/':
+                                case 'b':
+                                case 'f':
+                                case 'n':
+                                case 'r':
+                                case 't':
+                                    data ++;
+                                    break;
+                                default:
+                                    return {};
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                            return {};
+                    }
+                    return {};
+                }
+
+                rvalue decode_list()
+                {
+                    rvalue ret(type::List);
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('[')))
+                    {
+                        ret.set_error();
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+                    ws_skip();
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == ']'))
+                    {
+                        data++;
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+
+                    while(1)
+                    {
+                        auto v = decode_value();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!v))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+                        ret.emplace_back(std::move(v));
+                        if (*data == ']')
+                        {
+                            data++;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(',')))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+                    }
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                rvalue decode_number()
+                {
+                    char* start = data;
+
+                    enum NumberParsingState
+                    {
+                        Minus,
+                        AfterMinus,
+                        ZeroFirst,
+                        Digits,
+                        DigitsAfterPoints,
+                        E,
+                        DigitsAfterE,
+                        Invalid,
+                    } state{Minus};
+                    while(crow_json_likely(state != Invalid))
+                    {
+                        switch(*data)
+                        {
+                            case '0':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\2\2\7\3\4\6\6"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus || state == NumberParsingState::AfterMinus)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst;
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
+                                {
+                                    // ok; pass
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case '1': case '2': case '3': 
+                            case '4': case '5': case '6': 
+                            case '7': case '8': case '9':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\3\3\7\3\4\6\6"[state];
+                                while(*(data+1) >= '0' && *(data+1) <= '9') data++;
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus || state == NumberParsingState::AfterMinus)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::Digits;
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
+                                {
+                                    // ok; pass
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case '.':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\4\4\7\7\7"[state];
+                                /*
+                                if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || state == NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};
+                                */
+                                break;
+                            case '-':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\1\7\7\7\7\6\7"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::AfterMinus;
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case '+':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\7\7\7\6\7"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case 'e': case 'E':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\7\5\5\7\7"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::E;
+                                }
+                                else 
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                if (crow_json_likely(state == NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst || 
+                                        state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                        state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints || 
+                                        state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE))
+                                    return {type::Number, start, data};
+                                else
+                                    return {};
+                        }
+                        data++;
+                    }
+
+                    return {};
+                }
+
+                rvalue decode_value()
+                {
+                    switch(*data)
+                    {
+                        case '[':
+                            return decode_list();
+                        case '{':
+                            return decode_object();
+                        case '"':
+                            return decode_string();
+                        case 't':
+                            if (//e-data >= 4 &&
+                                    data[1] == 'r' &&
+                                    data[2] == 'u' &&
+                                    data[3] == 'e')
+                            {
+                                data += 4;
+                                return {type::True};
+                            }
+                            else
+                                return {};
+                        case 'f':
+                            if (//e-data >= 5 &&
+                                    data[1] == 'a' &&
+                                    data[2] == 'l' &&
+                                    data[3] == 's' &&
+                                    data[4] == 'e')
+                            {
+                                data += 5;
+                                return {type::False};
+                            }
+                            else
+                                return {};
+                        case 'n':
+                            if (//e-data >= 4 &&
+                                    data[1] == 'u' &&
+                                    data[2] == 'l' &&
+                                    data[3] == 'l')
+                            {
+                                data += 4;
+                                return {type::Null};
+                            }
+                            else
+                                return {};
+                        //case '1': case '2': case '3': 
+                        //case '4': case '5': case '6': 
+                        //case '7': case '8': case '9':
+                        //case '0': case '-':
+                        default:
+                            return decode_number();
+                    }
+                    return {};
+                }
+
+                rvalue decode_object()
+                {
+                    rvalue ret(type::Object);
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('{')))
+                    {
+                        ret.set_error();
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+
+                    ws_skip();
+
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == '}'))
+                    {
+                        data++;
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+
+                    while(1)
+                    {
+                        auto t = decode_string();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!t))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        ws_skip();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(':')))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        // TODO caching key to speed up (flyweight?)
+                        auto key = t.s();
+
+                        ws_skip();
+                        auto v = decode_value();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!v))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+
+                        v.key_ = std::move(key);
+                        ret.emplace_back(std::move(v));
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == '}'))
+                        {
+                            data++;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(',')))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+                    }
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                rvalue parse()
+                {
+                    ws_skip();
+                    auto ret = decode_value(); // or decode object?
+                    ws_skip();
+                    if (ret && *data != '\0')
+                        ret.set_error();
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                char* data;
+            };
+            return Parser(data, size).parse();
+        }
+        inline rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size)
+        {
+            char* s = new char[size+1];
+            memcpy(s, data, size);
+            s[size] = 0;
+            auto ret = load_nocopy_internal(s, size);
+            if (ret)
+                ret.key_.force(s, size);
+            else
+                delete[] s;
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        inline rvalue load(const char* data)
+        {
+            return load(data, strlen(data));
+        }
+
+        inline rvalue load(const std::string& str)
+        {
+            return load(str.data(), str.size());
+        }
+
+        class wvalue
+        {
+            friend class crow::mustache::template_t;
+        public:
+            type t() const { return t_; }
+        private:
+            type t_{type::Null};
+            num_type nt{num_type::Null};
+            union {
+              double d;
+              int64_t si;
+              uint64_t ui {};
+            } num;
+            std::string s;
+            std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>> l;
+            std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>> o;
+        public:
+
+            wvalue() {}
+
+            wvalue(const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                t_ = r.t();
+                switch(r.t())
+                {
+                    case type::Null:
+                    case type::False:
+                    case type::True:
+                        return;
+                    case type::Number:
+                        nt = r.nt();
+                        if (nt == num_type::Floating_point)
+                          num.d = r.d();
+                        else if (nt == num_type::Signed_integer)
+                          num.si = r.i();
+                        else
+                          num.ui = r.u();
+                        return;
+                    case type::String:
+                        s = r.s();
+                        return;
+                    case type::List:
+                        l = std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{});
+                        l->reserve(r.size());
+                        for(auto it = r.begin(); it != r.end(); ++it)
+                            l->emplace_back(*it);
+                        return;
+                    case type::Object:
+                        o = std::unique_ptr<
+                                    std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>
+                                >(
+                                new std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>{});
+                        for(auto it = r.begin(); it != r.end(); ++it)
+                            o->emplace(it->key(), *it);
+                        return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            wvalue(wvalue&& r)
+            {
+                *this = std::move(r);
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (wvalue&& r)
+            {
+                t_ = r.t_;
+                num = r.num;
+                s = std::move(r.s);
+                l = std::move(r.l);
+                o = std::move(r.o);
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            void clear()
+            {
+                reset();
+            }
+
+            void reset()
+            {
+                t_ = type::Null;
+                l.reset();
+                o.reset();
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (std::nullptr_t)
+            {
+                reset();
+                return *this;
+            }
+            wvalue& operator = (bool value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                if (value)
+                    t_ = type::True;
+                else
+                    t_ = type::False;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (double value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.d = value;
+                nt = num_type::Floating_point;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned short value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.ui = value;
+                nt = num_type::Unsigned_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (short value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.si = value;
+                nt = num_type::Signed_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (long long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.si = value;
+                nt = num_type::Signed_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.si = value;
+                nt = num_type::Signed_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (int value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.si = value;
+                nt = num_type::Signed_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned long long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.ui = value;
+                nt = num_type::Unsigned_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.ui = value;
+                nt = num_type::Unsigned_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned int value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                num.ui = value;
+                nt = num_type::Unsigned_integer;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator=(const char* str)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::String;
+                s = str;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator=(const std::string& str)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::String;
+                s = str;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator=(std::vector<wvalue>&& v)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::List)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::List;
+                if (!l)
+                    l = std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{});
+                l->clear();
+                l->resize(v.size());
+                size_t idx = 0;
+                for(auto& x:v)
+                {
+                    (*l)[idx++] = std::move(x);
+                }
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            template <typename T>
+            wvalue& operator=(const std::vector<T>& v)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::List)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::List;
+                if (!l)
+                    l = std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{});
+                l->clear();
+                l->resize(v.size());
+                size_t idx = 0;
+                for(auto& x:v)
+                {
+                    (*l)[idx++] = x;
+                }
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator[](unsigned index)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::List)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::List;
+                if (!l)
+                    l = std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{});
+                if (l->size() < index+1)
+                    l->resize(index+1);
+                return (*l)[index];
+            }
+
+            int count(const std::string& str)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::Object)
+                    return 0;
+                if (!o)
+                    return 0;
+                return o->count(str);
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator[](const std::string& str)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::Object)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::Object;
+                if (!o)
+                    o = std::unique_ptr<
+                                std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>
+                            >(
+                            new std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>{});
+                return (*o)[str];
+            }
+
+            std::vector<std::string> keys() const 
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::Object) 
+                    return {};
+                std::vector<std::string> result;
+                for (auto& kv:*o) 
+                {
+                    result.push_back(kv.first);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            size_t estimate_length() const
+            {
+                switch(t_)
+                {
+                    case type::Null: return 4;
+                    case type::False: return 5;
+                    case type::True: return 4;
+                    case type::Number: return 30;
+                    case type::String: return 2+s.size()+s.size()/2;
+                    case type::List: 
+                        {
+                            size_t sum{};
+                            if (l)
+                            {
+                                for(auto& x:*l)
+                                {
+                                    sum += 1;
+                                    sum += x.estimate_length();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return sum+2;
+                        }
+                    case type::Object:
+                        {
+                            size_t sum{};
+                            if (o)
+                            {
+                                for(auto& kv:*o)
+                                {
+                                    sum += 2;
+                                    sum += 2+kv.first.size()+kv.first.size()/2;
+                                    sum += kv.second.estimate_length();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return sum+2;
+                        }
+                }
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+            friend void dump_internal(const wvalue& v, std::string& out);
+            friend std::string dump(const wvalue& v);
+        };
+
+        inline void dump_string(const std::string& str, std::string& out)
+        {
+            out.push_back('"');
+            escape(str, out);
+            out.push_back('"');
+        }
+        inline void dump_internal(const wvalue& v, std::string& out)
+        {
+            switch(v.t_)
+            {
+                case type::Null: out += "null"; break;
+                case type::False: out += "false"; break;
+                case type::True: out += "true"; break;
+                case type::Number: 
+                    {
+                        if (v.nt == num_type::Floating_point)
+                        {
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define MSC_COMPATIBLE_SPRINTF(BUFFER_PTR, FORMAT_PTR, VALUE) sprintf_s((BUFFER_PTR), 128, (FORMAT_PTR), (VALUE))
+#else
+#define MSC_COMPATIBLE_SPRINTF(BUFFER_PTR, FORMAT_PTR, VALUE) sprintf((BUFFER_PTR), (FORMAT_PTR), (VALUE))
+#endif
+                            char outbuf[128];
+                            MSC_COMPATIBLE_SPRINTF(outbuf, "%g", v.num.d);
+                            out += outbuf;
+#undef MSC_COMPATIBLE_SPRINTF
+                        }
+                        else if (v.nt == num_type::Signed_integer)
+                        {
+                            out += std::to_string(v.num.si);
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            out += std::to_string(v.num.ui);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case type::String: dump_string(v.s, out); break;
+                case type::List: 
+                     {
+                         out.push_back('[');
+                         if (v.l)
+                         {
+                             bool first = true;
+                             for(auto& x:*v.l)
+                             {
+                                 if (!first)
+                                 {
+                                     out.push_back(',');
+                                 }
+                                 first = false;
+                                 dump_internal(x, out);
+                             }
+                         }
+                         out.push_back(']');
+                     }
+                     break;
+                case type::Object:
+                     {
+                         out.push_back('{');
+                         if (v.o)
+                         {
+                             bool first = true;
+                             for(auto& kv:*v.o)
+                             {
+                                 if (!first)
+                                 {
+                                     out.push_back(',');
+                                 }
+                                 first = false;
+                                 dump_string(kv.first, out);
+                                 out.push_back(':');
+                                 dump_internal(kv.second, out);
+                             }
+                         }
+                         out.push_back('}');
+                     }
+                     break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        inline std::string dump(const wvalue& v)
+        {
+            std::string ret;
+            ret.reserve(v.estimate_length());
+            dump_internal(v, ret);
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        //std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> dump_ref(wvalue& v)
+        //{
+        //}
+    }
+}
+
+#undef crow_json_likely
+#undef crow_json_unlikely
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <ios>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Connection;
+    struct response
+    {
+        template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+        friend class crow::Connection;
+
+        int code{200};
+        std::string body;
+        json::wvalue json_value;
+
+        // `headers' stores HTTP headers.
+        ci_map headers;
+
+        void set_header(std::string key, std::string value)
+        {
+            headers.erase(key);
+            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+        }
+        void add_header(std::string key, std::string value)
+        {
+            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+        }
+
+        const std::string& get_header_value(const std::string& key)
+        {
+            return crow::get_header_value(headers, key);
+        }
+
+
+        response() {}
+        explicit response(int code) : code(code) {}
+        response(std::string body) : body(std::move(body)) {}
+        response(json::wvalue&& json_value) : json_value(std::move(json_value))
+        {
+            json_mode();
+        }
+        response(int code, std::string body) : code(code), body(std::move(body)) {}
+        response(const json::wvalue& json_value) : body(json::dump(json_value))
+        {
+            json_mode();
+        }
+        response(int code, const json::wvalue& json_value) : code(code), body(json::dump(json_value))
+        {
+            json_mode();
+        }
+
+        response(response&& r)
+        {
+            *this = std::move(r);
+        }
+
+        response& operator = (const response& r) = delete;
+
+        response& operator = (response&& r) noexcept
+        {
+            body = std::move(r.body);
+            json_value = std::move(r.json_value);
+            code = r.code;
+            headers = std::move(r.headers);
+            completed_ = r.completed_;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        bool is_completed() const noexcept
+        {
+            return completed_;
+        }
+
+        void clear()
+        {
+            body.clear();
+            json_value.clear();
+            code = 200;
+            headers.clear();
+            completed_ = false;
+        }
+
+        void redirect(const std::string& location)
+        {
+            code = 301;
+            set_header("Location", location);
+        }
+
+        void write(const std::string& body_part)
+        {
+            body += body_part;
+        }
+
+        void end()
+        {
+            if (!completed_)
+            {
+                completed_ = true;
+
+                if (complete_request_handler_)
+                {
+                    complete_request_handler_();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void end(const std::string& body_part)
+        {
+            body += body_part;
+            end();
+        }
+
+        bool is_alive()
+        {
+            return is_alive_helper_ && is_alive_helper_();
+        }
+ /* adding static file support here
+  * middlware must call res.set_static_file_info(filename)
+  * you must add route starting with /your/restricted/path/<string>
+  */
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+        struct static_file_info{
+            std::string path = "";
+            struct stat statbuf;
+            int statResult;
+        };
+        static_file_info file_info;
+
+        ///Return a static file as the response body
+        void set_static_file_info(std::string path){
+            file_info.path = path;
+            file_info.statResult = stat(file_info.path.c_str(), &file_info.statbuf);
+            if (file_info.statResult == 0)
+            {
+                std::size_t last_dot = path.find_last_of(".");
+                std::string extension = path.substr(last_dot+1);
+                std::string mimeType = "";
+                code = 200;
+                this->add_header("Content-length", std::to_string(file_info.statbuf.st_size));
+
+                if (extension != ""){
+                    mimeType = mime_types[extension];
+                    if (mimeType != "")
+                        this-> add_header("Content-Type", mimeType);
+                    else
+                        this-> add_header("content-Type", "text/plain");
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                code = 404;
+                this->end();
+            }
+        }
+
+        template<typename Adaptor>
+        void do_stream_file(Adaptor& adaptor)
+        {
+            if (file_info.statResult == 0)
+            {
+                std::ifstream is(file_info.path.c_str(), std::ios::in | std::ios::binary);
+                write_streamed(is, adaptor);
+            }
+        }
+
+        template<typename Adaptor>
+        void do_stream_body(Adaptor& adaptor)
+        {
+            if (body.length() > 0)
+            {
+                write_streamed_string(body, adaptor);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+/* static file support end */
+        private:
+            bool completed_{};
+            std::function<void()> complete_request_handler_;
+            std::function<bool()> is_alive_helper_;
+
+            //In case of a JSON object, set the Content-Type header
+            void json_mode()
+            {
+                set_header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+            }
+
+            template<typename Stream, typename Adaptor>
+            void write_streamed(Stream& is, Adaptor& adaptor)
+            {
+                char buf[16384];
+                while (is.read(buf, sizeof(buf)).gcount() > 0)
+                {
+                    std::vector<asio::const_buffer> buffers;
+                    buffers.push_back(boost::asio::buffer(buf));
+                    write_buffer_list(buffers, adaptor);
+                }
+            }
+
+            //THIS METHOD DOES MODIFY THE BODY, AS IN IT EMPTIES IT
+            template<typename Adaptor>
+            void write_streamed_string(std::string& is, Adaptor& adaptor)
+            {
+                std::string buf;
+                std::vector<asio::const_buffer> buffers;
+
+                while (is.length() > 16384)
+                {
+                    //buf.reserve(16385);
+                    buf = is.substr(0, 16384);
+                    is = is.substr(16384);
+                    push_and_write(buffers, buf, adaptor);
+                }
+                //Collect whatever is left (less than 16KB) and send it down the socket
+                //buf.reserve(is.length());
+                buf = is;
+                is.clear();
+                push_and_write(buffers, buf, adaptor);
+            }
+
+            template<typename Adaptor>
+            inline void push_and_write(std::vector<asio::const_buffer>& buffers, std::string& buf, Adaptor& adaptor)
+            {
+                buffers.clear();
+                buffers.push_back(boost::asio::buffer(buf));
+                write_buffer_list(buffers, adaptor);
+            }
+
+            template<typename Adaptor>
+            inline void write_buffer_list(std::vector<asio::const_buffer>& buffers, Adaptor& adaptor)
+            {
+                boost::asio::write(adaptor.socket(), buffers, [this](std::error_code ec, std::size_t)
+                {
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_ERROR << ec << " - happened while sending buffers";
+                        this->end();
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+
+    };
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <utility>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <vector>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    class BaseRule
+    {
+    public:
+        BaseRule(std::string rule)
+            : rule_(std::move(rule))
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual ~BaseRule()
+        {
+        }
+
+        virtual void validate() = 0;
+        std::unique_ptr<BaseRule> upgrade()
+        {
+            if (rule_to_upgrade_)
+                return std::move(rule_to_upgrade_);
+            return {};
+        }
+
+        virtual void handle(const request&, response&, const routing_params&) = 0;
+        virtual void handle_upgrade(const request&, response& res, SocketAdaptor&&)
+        {
+            res = response(404);
+            res.end();
+        }
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+        virtual void handle_upgrade(const request&, response& res, SSLAdaptor&&)
+        {
+            res = response(404);
+            res.end();
+        }
+#endif
+
+        uint32_t get_methods()
+        {
+            return methods_;
+        }
+
+        template <typename F>
+        void foreach_method(F f)
+        {
+            for(uint32_t method = 0, method_bit = 1; method < (uint32_t)HTTPMethod::InternalMethodCount; method++, method_bit<<=1)
+            {
+                if (methods_ & method_bit)
+                    f(method);
+            }
+        }
+
+        const std::string& rule() { return rule_; }
+
+    protected:
+        uint32_t methods_{1<<(int)HTTPMethod::Get};
+
+        std::string rule_;
+        std::string name_;
+
+        std::unique_ptr<BaseRule> rule_to_upgrade_;
+
+        friend class Router;
+        template <typename T>
+        friend struct RuleParameterTraits;
+    };
+
+
+    namespace detail
+    {
+        namespace routing_handler_call_helper
+        {
+            template <typename T, int Pos>
+            struct call_pair
+            {
+                using type = T;
+                static const int pos = Pos;
+            };
+
+            template <typename H1>
+            struct call_params
+            {
+                H1& handler;
+                const routing_params& params;
+                const request& req;
+                response& res;
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename S1, typename S2>
+            struct call
+            {
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2>
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<int64_t, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<int64_t, NInt>>;
+                    call<F, NInt+1, NUint, NDouble, NString,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2>
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<uint64_t, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<uint64_t, NUint>>;
+                    call<F, NInt, NUint+1, NDouble, NString,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2>
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<double, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<double, NDouble>>;
+                    call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble+1, NString,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2>
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<std::string, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<std::string, NString>>;
+                    call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString+1,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1>
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<>, black_magic::S<Args1...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    cparams.handler(
+                        cparams.req,
+                        cparams.res,
+                        cparams.params.template get<typename Args1::type>(Args1::pos)...
+                    );
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename Func, typename ... ArgsWrapped>
+            struct Wrapped
+            {
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                    !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value
+                , int>::type = 0)
+                {
+                    handler_ = (
+#ifdef CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+                        [f = std::move(f)]
+#else
+                        [f]
+#endif
+                        (const request&, response& res, Args... args){
+                            res = response(f(args...));
+                            res.end();
+                        });
+                }
+
+                template <typename Req, typename ... Args>
+                struct req_handler_wrapper
+                {
+                    req_handler_wrapper(Func f)
+                        : f(std::move(f))
+                    {
+                    }
+
+                    void operator()(const request& req, response& res, Args... args)
+                    {
+                        res = response(f(req, args...));
+                        res.end();
+                    }
+
+                    Func f;
+                };
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
+                        , int>::type = 0)
+                {
+                    handler_ = req_handler_wrapper<Args...>(std::move(f));
+                    /*handler_ = (
+                        [f = std::move(f)]
+                        (const request& req, response& res, Args... args){
+                             res = response(f(req, args...));
+                             res.end();
+                        });*/
+                }
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
+                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
+                        , int>::type = 0)
+                {
+                    handler_ = std::move(f);
+                }
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                struct handler_type_helper
+                {
+                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
+                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>;
+                };
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                struct handler_type_helper<const request&, Args...>
+                {
+                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
+                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>;
+                };
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                struct handler_type_helper<const request&, response&, Args...>
+                {
+                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
+                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>;
+                };
+
+                typename handler_type_helper<ArgsWrapped...>::type handler_;
+
+                void operator()(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params)
+                {
+                    detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call<
+                        detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                            decltype(handler_)>,
+                        0, 0, 0, 0,
+                        typename handler_type_helper<ArgsWrapped...>::args_type,
+                        black_magic::S<>
+                    >()(
+                        detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                            decltype(handler_)>
+                        {handler_, params, req, res}
+                   );
+                }
+            };
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    class WebSocketRule : public BaseRule
+    {
+        using self_t = WebSocketRule;
+    public:
+        WebSocketRule(std::string rule)
+            : BaseRule(std::move(rule))
+        {
+        }
+
+        void validate() override
+        {
+        }
+
+        void handle(const request&, response& res, const routing_params&) override
+        {
+            res = response(404);
+            res.end();
+        }
+
+        void handle_upgrade(const request& req, response&, SocketAdaptor&& adaptor) override
+        {
+            new crow::websocket::Connection<SocketAdaptor>(req, std::move(adaptor), open_handler_, message_handler_, close_handler_, error_handler_, accept_handler_);
+        }
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+        void handle_upgrade(const request& req, response&, SSLAdaptor&& adaptor) override
+        {
+            new crow::websocket::Connection<SSLAdaptor>(req, std::move(adaptor), open_handler_, message_handler_, close_handler_, error_handler_, accept_handler_);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        self_t& onopen(Func f)
+        {
+            open_handler_ = f;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        self_t& onmessage(Func f)
+        {
+            message_handler_ = f;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        self_t& onclose(Func f)
+        {
+            close_handler_ = f;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        self_t& onerror(Func f)
+        {
+            error_handler_ = f;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        self_t& onaccept(Func f)
+        {
+            accept_handler_ = f;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+    protected:
+        std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> open_handler_;
+        std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&, bool)> message_handler_;
+        std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&)> close_handler_;
+        std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> error_handler_;
+        std::function<bool(const crow::request&)> accept_handler_;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct RuleParameterTraits
+    {
+        using self_t = T;
+        WebSocketRule& websocket()
+        {
+            auto p =new WebSocketRule(((self_t*)this)->rule_);
+            ((self_t*)this)->rule_to_upgrade_.reset(p);
+            return *p;
+        }
+
+        self_t& name(std::string name) noexcept
+        {
+            ((self_t*)this)->name_ = std::move(name);
+            return (self_t&)*this;
+        }
+
+        self_t& methods(HTTPMethod method)
+        {
+            ((self_t*)this)->methods_ = 1 << (int)method;
+            return (self_t&)*this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename ... MethodArgs>
+        self_t& methods(HTTPMethod method, MethodArgs ... args_method)
+        {
+            methods(args_method...);
+            ((self_t*)this)->methods_ |= 1 << (int)method;
+            return (self_t&)*this;
+        }
+
+    };
+
+    class DynamicRule : public BaseRule, public RuleParameterTraits<DynamicRule>
+    {
+    public:
+
+        DynamicRule(std::string rule)
+            : BaseRule(std::move(rule))
+        {
+        }
+
+        void validate() override
+        {
+            if (!erased_handler_)
+            {
+                throw std::runtime_error(name_ + (!name_.empty() ? ": " : "") + "no handler for url " + rule_);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void handle(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params) override
+        {
+            erased_handler_(req, res, params);
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        void operator()(Func f)
+        {
+#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<decltype(&Func::operator())>;
+#else
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<Func>;
+#endif
+            erased_handler_ = wrap(std::move(f), black_magic::gen_seq<function_t::arity>());
+        }
+
+        // enable_if Arg1 == request && Arg2 == response
+        // enable_if Arg1 == request && Arg2 != resposne
+        // enable_if Arg1 != request
+#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        template <typename Func, size_t ... Indices>
+#else
+        template <typename Func, unsigned ... Indices>
+#endif
+        std::function<void(const request&, response&, const routing_params&)>
+        wrap(Func f, black_magic::seq<Indices...>)
+        {
+#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<decltype(&Func::operator())>;
+#else
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<Func>;
+#endif
+            if (!black_magic::is_parameter_tag_compatible(
+                black_magic::get_parameter_tag_runtime(rule_.c_str()),
+                black_magic::compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<
+                    typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>::value))
+            {
+                throw std::runtime_error("route_dynamic: Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters: " + rule_);
+            }
+            auto ret = detail::routing_handler_call_helper::Wrapped<Func, typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>();
+            ret.template set_<
+                typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...
+            >(std::move(f));
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        void operator()(std::string name, Func&& f)
+        {
+            name_ = std::move(name);
+            (*this).template operator()<Func>(std::forward(f));
+        }
+    private:
+        std::function<void(const request&, response&, const routing_params&)> erased_handler_;
+
+    };
+
+    template <typename ... Args>
+    class TaggedRule : public BaseRule, public RuleParameterTraits<TaggedRule<Args...>>
+    {
+    public:
+        using self_t = TaggedRule<Args...>;
+
+        TaggedRule(std::string rule)
+            : BaseRule(std::move(rule))
+        {
+        }
+
+        void validate() override
+        {
+            if (!handler_)
+            {
+                throw std::runtime_error(name_ + (!name_.empty() ? ": " : "") + "no handler for url " + rule_);
+            }
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        typename std::enable_if<black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value, void>::type
+        operator()(Func&& f)
+        {
+            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value ,
+                "Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters");
+            static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<Args>()...))>::value,
+                "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
+
+            handler_ = (
+#ifdef CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+                [f = std::move(f)]
+#else
+                [f]
+#endif
+                (const request&, response& res, Args ... args){
+                    res = response(f(args...));
+                    res.end();
+                });
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        typename std::enable_if<
+            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value &&
+            black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value,
+            void>::type
+        operator()(Func&& f)
+        {
+            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value,
+                "Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters");
+            static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<crow::request>(), std::declval<Args>()...))>::value,
+                "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
+
+            handler_ = (
+#ifdef CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+                [f = std::move(f)]
+#else
+                [f]
+#endif
+                (const crow::request& req, crow::response& res, Args ... args){
+                    res = response(f(req, args...));
+                    res.end();
+                });
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        typename std::enable_if<
+            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value &&
+            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value,
+            void>::type
+        operator()(Func&& f)
+        {
+            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, crow::response&, Args...>>::value
+                ,
+                "Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters");
+            static_assert(std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<crow::request>(), std::declval<crow::response&>(), std::declval<Args>()...))>::value,
+                "Handler function with response argument should have void return type");
+
+                handler_ = std::move(f);
+        }
+
+        template <typename Func>
+        void operator()(std::string name, Func&& f)
+        {
+            name_ = std::move(name);
+            (*this).template operator()<Func>(std::forward(f));
+        }
+
+        void handle(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params) override
+        {
+            detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call<
+                detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                    decltype(handler_)>,
+                0, 0, 0, 0,
+                black_magic::S<Args...>,
+                black_magic::S<>
+            >()(
+                detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                    decltype(handler_)>
+                {handler_, params, req, res}
+            );
+        }
+
+    private:
+        std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)> handler_;
+
+    };
+
+    const int RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH = 1;
+
+    class Trie
+    {
+    public:
+        struct Node
+        {
+            unsigned rule_index{};
+            std::array<unsigned, (int)ParamType::MAX> param_childrens{};
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned> children;
+
+            bool IsSimpleNode() const
+            {
+                return
+                    !rule_index &&
+                    std::all_of(
+                        std::begin(param_childrens),
+                        std::end(param_childrens),
+                        [](unsigned x){ return !x; });
+            }
+        };
+
+        Trie() : nodes_(1)
+        {
+        }
+
+private:
+        void optimizeNode(Node* node)
+        {
+            for(auto x : node->param_childrens)
+            {
+                if (!x)
+                    continue;
+                Node* child = &nodes_[x];
+                optimizeNode(child);
+            }
+            if (node->children.empty())
+                return;
+            bool mergeWithChild = true;
+            for(auto& kv : node->children)
+            {
+                Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
+                if (!child->IsSimpleNode())
+                {
+                    mergeWithChild = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (mergeWithChild)
+            {
+                decltype(node->children) merged;
+                for(auto& kv : node->children)
+                {
+                    Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
+                    for(auto& child_kv : child->children)
+                    {
+                        merged[kv.first + child_kv.first] = child_kv.second;
+                    }
+                }
+                node->children = std::move(merged);
+                optimizeNode(node);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for(auto& kv : node->children)
+                {
+                    Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
+                    optimizeNode(child);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void optimize()
+        {
+            optimizeNode(head());
+        }
+
+public:
+        void validate()
+        {
+            if (!head()->IsSimpleNode())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Internal error: Trie header should be simple!");
+            optimize();
+        }
+
+        std::pair<unsigned, routing_params> find(const std::string& req_url, const Node* node = nullptr, unsigned pos = 0, routing_params* params = nullptr) const
+        {
+            routing_params empty;
+            if (params == nullptr)
+                params = &empty;
+
+            unsigned found{};
+            routing_params match_params;
+
+            if (node == nullptr)
+                node = head();
+            if (pos == req_url.size())
+                return {node->rule_index, *params};
+
+            auto update_found = [&found, &match_params](std::pair<unsigned, routing_params>& ret)
+            {
+                if (ret.first && (!found || found > ret.first))
+                {
+                    found = ret.first;
+                    match_params = std::move(ret.second);
+                }
+            };
+
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::INT])
+            {
+                char c = req_url[pos];
+                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+' || c == '-')
+                {
+                    char* eptr;
+                    errno = 0;
+                    long long int value = strtoll(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr, 10);
+                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
+                    {
+                        params->int_params.push_back(value);
+                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::INT]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
+                        update_found(ret);
+                        params->int_params.pop_back();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::UINT])
+            {
+                char c = req_url[pos];
+                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+')
+                {
+                    char* eptr;
+                    errno = 0;
+                    unsigned long long int value = strtoull(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr, 10);
+                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
+                    {
+                        params->uint_params.push_back(value);
+                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::UINT]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
+                        update_found(ret);
+                        params->uint_params.pop_back();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::DOUBLE])
+            {
+                char c = req_url[pos];
+                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '.')
+                {
+                    char* eptr;
+                    errno = 0;
+                    double value = strtod(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr);
+                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
+                    {
+                        params->double_params.push_back(value);
+                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::DOUBLE]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
+                        update_found(ret);
+                        params->double_params.pop_back();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::STRING])
+            {
+                size_t epos = pos;
+                for(; epos < req_url.size(); epos ++)
+                {
+                    if (req_url[epos] == '/')
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (epos != pos)
+                {
+                    params->string_params.push_back(req_url.substr(pos, epos-pos));
+                    auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::STRING]], epos, params);
+                    update_found(ret);
+                    params->string_params.pop_back();
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::PATH])
+            {
+                size_t epos = req_url.size();
+
+                if (epos != pos)
+                {
+                    params->string_params.push_back(req_url.substr(pos, epos-pos));
+                    auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::PATH]], epos, params);
+                    update_found(ret);
+                    params->string_params.pop_back();
+                }
+            }
+
+            for(auto& kv : node->children)
+            {
+                const std::string& fragment = kv.first;
+                const Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
+
+                if (req_url.compare(pos, fragment.size(), fragment) == 0)
+                {
+                    auto ret = find(req_url, child, pos + fragment.size(), params);
+                    update_found(ret);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return {found, match_params};
+        }
+
+        void add(const std::string& url, unsigned rule_index)
+        {
+            unsigned idx{0};
+
+            for(unsigned i = 0; i < url.size(); i ++)
+            {
+                char c = url[i];
+                if (c == '<')
+                {
+                    static struct ParamTraits
+                    {
+                        ParamType type;
+                        std::string name;
+                    } paramTraits[] =
+                    {
+                        { ParamType::INT, "<int>" },
+                        { ParamType::UINT, "<uint>" },
+                        { ParamType::DOUBLE, "<float>" },
+                        { ParamType::DOUBLE, "<double>" },
+                        { ParamType::STRING, "<str>" },
+                        { ParamType::STRING, "<string>" },
+                        { ParamType::PATH, "<path>" },
+                    };
+
+                    for(auto& x:paramTraits)
+                    {
+                        if (url.compare(i, x.name.size(), x.name) == 0)
+                        {
+                            if (!nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type])
+                            {
+                                auto new_node_idx = new_node();
+                                nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type] = new_node_idx;
+                            }
+                            idx = nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type];
+                            i += x.name.size();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    i --;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    std::string piece(&c, 1);
+                    if (!nodes_[idx].children.count(piece))
+                    {
+                        auto new_node_idx = new_node();
+                        nodes_[idx].children.emplace(piece, new_node_idx);
+                    }
+                    idx = nodes_[idx].children[piece];
+                }
+            }
+            if (nodes_[idx].rule_index)
+                throw std::runtime_error("handler already exists for " + url);
+            nodes_[idx].rule_index = rule_index;
+        }
+    private:
+        void debug_node_print(Node* n, int level)
+        {
+            for(int i = 0; i < (int)ParamType::MAX; i ++)
+            {
+                if (n->param_childrens[i])
+                {
+                    CROW_LOG_DEBUG << std::string(2*level, ' ') /*<< "("<<n->param_childrens[i]<<") "*/;
+                    switch((ParamType)i)
+                    {
+                        case ParamType::INT:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<int>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::UINT:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<uint>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::DOUBLE:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<float>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::STRING:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<str>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::PATH:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<path>";
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<ERROR>";
+                            break;
+                    }
+
+                    debug_node_print(&nodes_[n->param_childrens[i]], level+1);
+                }
+            }
+            for(auto& kv : n->children)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << std::string(2*level, ' ') /*<< "(" << kv.second << ") "*/ << kv.first;
+                debug_node_print(&nodes_[kv.second], level+1);
+            }
+        }
+
+    public:
+        void debug_print()
+        {
+            debug_node_print(head(), 0);
+        }
+
+    private:
+        const Node* head() const
+        {
+            return &nodes_.front();
+        }
+
+        Node* head()
+        {
+            return &nodes_.front();
+        }
+
+        unsigned new_node()
+        {
+            nodes_.resize(nodes_.size()+1);
+            return nodes_.size() - 1;
+        }
+
+        std::vector<Node> nodes_;
+    };
+
+    class Router
+    {
+    public:
+        Router()
+        {
+        }
+
+        DynamicRule& new_rule_dynamic(const std::string& rule)
+        {
+            auto ruleObject = new DynamicRule(rule);
+            all_rules_.emplace_back(ruleObject);
+
+            return *ruleObject;
+        }
+
+        template <uint64_t N>
+        typename black_magic::arguments<N>::type::template rebind<TaggedRule>& new_rule_tagged(const std::string& rule)
+        {
+            using RuleT = typename black_magic::arguments<N>::type::template rebind<TaggedRule>;
+
+            auto ruleObject = new RuleT(rule);
+            all_rules_.emplace_back(ruleObject);
+
+            return *ruleObject;
+        }
+
+        void internal_add_rule_object(const std::string& rule, BaseRule* ruleObject)
+        {
+            bool has_trailing_slash = false;
+            std::string rule_without_trailing_slash;
+            if (rule.size() > 1 && rule.back() == '/')
+            {
+                has_trailing_slash = true;
+                rule_without_trailing_slash = rule;
+                rule_without_trailing_slash.pop_back();
+            }
+
+            ruleObject->foreach_method([&](int method)
+                    {
+                        per_methods_[method].rules.emplace_back(ruleObject);
+                        per_methods_[method].trie.add(rule, per_methods_[method].rules.size() - 1);
+
+                        // directory case:
+                        //   request to `/about' url matches `/about/' rule
+                        if (has_trailing_slash)
+                        {
+                            per_methods_[method].trie.add(rule_without_trailing_slash, RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH);
+                        }
+                    });
+
+        }
+
+        void validate()
+        {
+            for(auto& rule:all_rules_)
+            {
+                if (rule)
+                {
+                    auto upgraded = rule->upgrade();
+                    if (upgraded)
+                        rule = std::move(upgraded);
+                    rule->validate();
+                    internal_add_rule_object(rule->rule(), rule.get());
+                }
+            }
+            for(auto& per_method:per_methods_)
+            {
+                per_method.trie.validate();
+            }
+        }
+
+        template <typename Adaptor>
+        void handle_upgrade(const request& req, response& res, Adaptor&& adaptor)
+        {
+            if (req.method >= HTTPMethod::InternalMethodCount)
+                return;
+
+            auto& per_method = per_methods_[(int)req.method];
+            auto& rules = per_method.rules;
+            unsigned rule_index = per_method.trie.find(req.url).first;
+
+            if (!rule_index)
+            {
+                for (auto& per_method: per_methods_)
+                {
+                    if (per_method.trie.find(req.url).first)
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Cannot match method " << req.url << " " << method_name(req.method);
+                        res = response(405);
+                        res.end();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Cannot match rules " << req.url;
+                res = response(404);
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (rule_index >= rules.size())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Trie internal structure corrupted!");
+
+            if (rule_index == RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Redirecting to a url with trailing slash: " << req.url;
+                res = response(301);
+
+                // TODO absolute url building
+                if (req.get_header_value("Host").empty())
+                {
+                    res.add_header("Location", req.url + "/");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    res.add_header("Location", "http://" + req.get_header_value("Host") + req.url + "/");
+                }
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Matched rule (upgrade) '" << rules[rule_index]->rule_ << "' " << (uint32_t)req.method << " / " << rules[rule_index]->get_methods();
+
+            // any uncaught exceptions become 500s
+            try
+            {
+                rules[rule_index]->handle_upgrade(req, res, std::move(adaptor));
+            }
+            catch(std::exception& e)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
+                res = response(500);
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+            catch(...)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred. The type was unknown so no information was available.";
+                res = response(500);
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void handle(const request& req, response& res)
+        {
+            if (req.method >= HTTPMethod::InternalMethodCount)
+                return;
+            auto& per_method = per_methods_[(int)req.method];
+            auto& trie = per_method.trie;
+            auto& rules = per_method.rules;
+
+            auto found = trie.find(req.url);
+
+            unsigned rule_index = found.first;
+
+            if (!rule_index)
+            {
+                for (auto& per_method: per_methods_)
+                {
+                    if (per_method.trie.find(req.url).first)
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Cannot match method " << req.url << " " << method_name(req.method);
+                        res = response(405);
+                        res.end();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Cannot match rules " << req.url;
+                res = response(404);
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (rule_index >= rules.size())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Trie internal structure corrupted!");
+
+            if (rule_index == RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Redirecting to a url with trailing slash: " << req.url;
+                res = response(301);
+
+                // TODO absolute url building
+                if (req.get_header_value("Host").empty())
+                {
+                    res.add_header("Location", req.url + "/");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    res.add_header("Location", "http://" + req.get_header_value("Host") + req.url + "/");
+                }
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Matched rule '" << rules[rule_index]->rule_ << "' " << (uint32_t)req.method << " / " << rules[rule_index]->get_methods();
+
+            // any uncaught exceptions become 500s
+            try
+            {
+                rules[rule_index]->handle(req, res, found.second);
+            }
+            catch(std::exception& e)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
+                res = response(500);
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+            catch(...)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred. The type was unknown so no information was available.";
+                res = response(500);
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void debug_print()
+        {
+            for(int i = 0; i < (int)HTTPMethod::InternalMethodCount; i ++)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << method_name((HTTPMethod)i);
+                per_methods_[i].trie.debug_print();
+            }
+        }
+
+    private:
+        struct PerMethod
+        {
+            std::vector<BaseRule*> rules;
+            Trie trie;
+
+            // rule index 0, 1 has special meaning; preallocate it to avoid duplication.
+            PerMethod() : rules(2) {}
+        };
+        std::array<PerMethod, (int)HTTPMethod::InternalMethodCount> per_methods_;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BaseRule>> all_rules_;
+    };
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <sstream>
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    ///Encapsulates anything related to processing and organizing `multipart/xyz` messages
+    namespace multipart
+    {
+        const std::string dd = "--";
+        const std::string crlf = "\r\n";
+
+        ///The first part in a section, contains metadata about the part
+        struct header
+        {
+                std::pair<std::string, std::string> value; ///< The first part of the header, usually `Content-Type` or `Content-Disposition`
+                std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> params; ///< The parameters of the header, come after the `value`
+        };
+
+        ///One part of the multipart message
+
+        ///It is usually separated from other sections by a `boundary`
+        ///
+        struct part
+        {
+            std::vector<header> headers; ///< (optional) The first part before the data, Contains information regarding the type of data and encoding
+            std::string body; ///< The actual data in the part
+        };
+
+        ///The parsed multipart request/response
+        struct message
+        {
+            ci_map headers;
+            std::string boundary; ///< The text boundary that separates different `parts`
+            std::vector<part> parts; ///< The individual parts of the message
+
+            const std::string& get_header_value(const std::string& key) const
+            {
+                return crow::get_header_value(headers, key);
+            }
+
+            ///Represent all parts as a string (**does not include message headers**)
+            const std::string dump()
+            {
+                std::stringstream str;
+                std::string delimiter = dd + boundary;
+
+                for (uint i=0 ; i<parts.size(); i++)
+                {
+                    str << delimiter << crlf;
+                    str << dump(i);
+                }
+                str << delimiter << dd << crlf;
+                return str.str();
+            }
+
+            ///Represent an individual part as a string
+            const std::string dump(int part_)
+            {
+                std::stringstream str;
+                part item = parts[part_];
+                for (header item_h: item.headers)
+                {
+                    str << item_h.value.first << ": " << item_h.value.second;
+                    for (auto& it: item_h.params)
+                    {
+                        str << "; " << it.first << '=' << pad(it.second);
+                    }
+                    str << crlf;
+                }
+                str << crlf;
+                str << item.body << crlf;
+                return str.str();
+            }
+
+            ///Default constructor using default values
+            message(const ci_map& headers, const std::string& boundary, const std::vector<part>& sections)
+              : headers(headers), boundary(boundary), parts(sections){}
+
+            ///Create a multipart message from a request data
+            message(const request& req)
+              : headers(req.headers),
+                boundary(get_boundary(get_header_value("Content-Type"))),
+                parts(parse_body(req.body))
+            {}
+
+          private:
+
+            std::string get_boundary(const std::string& header)
+            {
+                size_t found = header.find("boundary=");
+                if (found)
+                    return header.substr(found+9);
+                return std::string();
+            }
+
+            std::vector<part> parse_body(std::string body)
+            {
+
+                  std::vector<part> sections;
+
+                  std::string delimiter = dd + boundary;
+
+                  while(body != (crlf))
+                  {
+                      size_t found = body.find(delimiter);
+                      std::string section = body.substr(0, found);
+
+                      //+2 is the CRLF
+                      //We don't check it and delete it so that the same delimiter can be used for
+                      //the last delimiter (--delimiter--CRLF).
+                      body.erase(0, found + delimiter.length() + 2);
+                      if (!section.empty())
+                      {
+                          sections.emplace_back(parse_section(section));
+                      }
+                  }
+                  return sections;
+            }
+
+            part parse_section(std::string& section)
+            {
+                struct part to_return;
+
+                size_t found = section.find(crlf+crlf);
+                std::string head_line = section.substr(0, found+2);
+                section.erase(0, found + 4);
+
+                parse_section_head(head_line, to_return);
+                to_return.body = section.substr(0, section.length()-2);
+                return to_return;
+            }
+
+            void parse_section_head(std::string& lines, part& part)
+            {
+                while (!lines.empty())
+                {
+                    header to_add;
+
+                    size_t found = lines.find(crlf);
+                    std::string line = lines.substr(0, found);
+                    lines.erase(0, found+2);
+                    //add the header if available
+                    if (!line.empty())
+                    {
+                        size_t found = line.find("; ");
+                        std::string header = line.substr(0, found);
+                        if (found != std::string::npos)
+                            line.erase(0, found+2);
+                        else
+                            line = std::string();
+
+                        size_t header_split = header.find(": ");
+
+                        to_add.value = std::pair<std::string, std::string>(header.substr(0, header_split), header.substr(header_split+2));
+                    }
+
+                    //add the parameters
+                    while (!line.empty())
+                    {
+                        size_t found = line.find("; ");
+                        std::string param = line.substr(0, found);
+                        if (found != std::string::npos)
+                            line.erase(0, found+2);
+                        else
+                            line = std::string();
+
+                        size_t param_split = param.find('=');
+
+                        std::string value = param.substr(param_split+1);
+
+                        to_add.params.emplace(param.substr(0, param_split), trim(value));
+                    }
+                    part.headers.emplace_back(to_add);
+                }
+            }
+
+            inline std::string trim (std::string& string, const char& excess = '"')
+            {
+                if (string.length() > 1 && string[0] == excess && string[string.length()-1] == excess)
+                    return string.substr(1, string.length()-2);
+                return string;
+            }
+
+            inline std::string pad (std::string& string, const char& padding = '"')
+            {
+                    return (padding + string + padding);
+            }
+
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace detail
+    {
+        template <typename ... Middlewares>
+        struct partial_context
+            : public black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<partial_context>
+            , public black_magic::last_element_type<Middlewares...>::type::context
+        {
+            using parent_context = typename black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<::crow::detail::partial_context>;
+            template <int N>
+            using partial = typename std::conditional<N == sizeof...(Middlewares)-1, partial_context, typename parent_context::template partial<N>>::type;
+
+            template <typename T> 
+            typename T::context& get()
+            {
+                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
+            }
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct partial_context<>
+        {
+            template <int>
+            using partial = partial_context;
+        };
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
+
+        template <typename ... Middlewares>
+        struct context : private partial_context<Middlewares...>
+        //struct context : private Middlewares::context... // simple but less type-safe
+        {
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+            friend typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+            friend typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
+
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares2>
+            friend bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
+
+            template <typename T> 
+            typename T::context& get()
+            {
+                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
+            }
+
+            template <int N>
+            using partial = typename partial_context<Middlewares...>::template partial<N>;
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <functional>
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace mustache
+    {
+        using context = json::wvalue;
+
+        template_t load(const std::string& filename);
+
+        class invalid_template_exception : public std::exception
+        {
+            public:
+            invalid_template_exception(const std::string& msg)
+                : msg("crow::mustache error: " + msg)
+            {
+            }
+            virtual const char* what() const throw()
+            {
+                return msg.c_str();
+            }
+            std::string msg;
+        };
+
+        enum class ActionType
+        {
+            Ignore,
+            Tag,
+            UnescapeTag,
+            OpenBlock,
+            CloseBlock,
+            ElseBlock,
+            Partial,
+        };
+
+        struct Action
+        {
+            int start;
+            int end;
+            int pos;
+            ActionType t;
+            Action(ActionType t, int start, int end, int pos = 0) 
+                : start(start), end(end), pos(pos), t(t)
+            {}
+        };
+
+        class template_t 
+        {
+        public:
+            template_t(std::string body)
+                : body_(std::move(body))
+            {
+                // {{ {{# {{/ {{^ {{! {{> {{=
+                parse();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            std::string tag_name(const Action& action)
+            {
+                return body_.substr(action.start, action.end - action.start);
+            }
+            auto find_context(const std::string& name, const std::vector<context*>& stack, bool shouldUseOnlyFirstStackValue = false)->std::pair<bool, context&>
+            {
+                if (name == ".")
+                {
+                    return {true, *stack.back()};
+                }
+                static json::wvalue empty_str;
+                empty_str = "";
+
+                int dotPosition = name.find(".");
+                if (dotPosition == (int)name.npos)
+                {
+                    for(auto it = stack.rbegin(); it != stack.rend(); ++it)
+                    {
+                        if ((*it)->t() == json::type::Object)
+                        {
+                            if ((*it)->count(name))
+                                return {true, (**it)[name]};
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    std::vector<int> dotPositions;
+                    dotPositions.push_back(-1);
+                    while(dotPosition != (int)name.npos)
+                    {
+                        dotPositions.push_back(dotPosition);
+                        dotPosition = name.find(".", dotPosition+1);
+                    }
+                    dotPositions.push_back(name.size());
+                    std::vector<std::string> names;
+                    names.reserve(dotPositions.size()-1);
+                    for(int i = 1; i < (int)dotPositions.size(); i ++)
+                        names.emplace_back(name.substr(dotPositions[i-1]+1, dotPositions[i]-dotPositions[i-1]-1));
+
+                    for(auto it = stack.rbegin(); it != stack.rend(); ++it)
+                    {
+                        context* view = *it;
+                        bool found = true;
+                        for(auto jt = names.begin(); jt != names.end(); ++jt)
+                        {
+                            if (view->t() == json::type::Object &&
+                                view->count(*jt))
+                            {
+                                view = &(*view)[*jt];
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                if (shouldUseOnlyFirstStackValue) {
+                                    return {false, empty_str};
+                                }
+                                found = false;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (found)
+                            return {true, *view};
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                return {false, empty_str};
+            }
+
+            void escape(const std::string& in, std::string& out)
+            {
+                out.reserve(out.size() + in.size());
+                for(auto it = in.begin(); it != in.end(); ++it)
+                {
+                    switch(*it)
+                    {
+                        case '&': out += "&amp;"; break;
+                        case '<': out += "&lt;"; break;
+                        case '>': out += "&gt;"; break;
+                        case '"': out += "&quot;"; break;
+                        case '\'': out += "&#39;"; break;
+                        case '/': out += "&#x2F;"; break;
+                        default: out += *it; break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+          bool isTagInsideObjectBlock(const int& current, const std::vector<context*>& stack)
+            {
+                int openedBlock = 0;
+                int totalBlocksBefore = 0;
+                for (int i = current; i > 0; --i) {
+                    ++totalBlocksBefore;
+                    auto& action = actions_[i - 1];
+
+                    if (action.t == ActionType::OpenBlock) {
+                        if (openedBlock == 0 && (*stack.rbegin())->t() == json::type::Object) {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        --openedBlock;
+                    } else if (action.t == ActionType::CloseBlock) {
+                        ++openedBlock;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            void render_internal(int actionBegin, int actionEnd, std::vector<context*>& stack, std::string& out, int indent)
+            {
+                int current = actionBegin;
+
+                if (indent)
+                    out.insert(out.size(), indent, ' ');
+
+                while(current < actionEnd)
+                {
+                    auto& fragment = fragments_[current];
+                    auto& action = actions_[current];
+                    render_fragment(fragment, indent, out);
+                    switch(action.t)
+                    {
+                        case ActionType::Ignore:
+                            // do nothing
+                            break;
+                        case ActionType::Partial:
+                            {
+                                std::string partial_name = tag_name(action);
+                                auto partial_templ = load(partial_name);
+                                int partial_indent = action.pos;
+                                partial_templ.render_internal(0, partial_templ.fragments_.size()-1, stack, out, partial_indent?indent+partial_indent:0);
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case ActionType::UnescapeTag:
+                        case ActionType::Tag:
+                            {
+                                bool shouldUseOnlyFirstStackValue = false;
+                                if (isTagInsideObjectBlock(current, stack)) {
+                                    shouldUseOnlyFirstStackValue = true;
+                                }
+                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack, shouldUseOnlyFirstStackValue);
+                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
+                                switch(ctx.t())
+                                {
+                                    case json::type::Number:
+                                        out += json::dump(ctx);
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::String:
+                                        if (action.t == ActionType::Tag)
+                                            escape(ctx.s, out);
+                                        else
+                                            out += ctx.s;
+                                        break;
+                                    default:
+                                        throw std::runtime_error("not implemented tag type" + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)ctx.t()));
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case ActionType::ElseBlock:
+                            {
+                                static context nullContext;
+                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
+                                if (!optional_ctx.first)
+                                {
+                                    stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
+                                    break;
+                                }
+
+                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
+                                switch(ctx.t())
+                                {
+                                    case json::type::List:
+                                        if (ctx.l && !ctx.l->empty())
+                                            current = action.pos;
+                                        else
+                                            stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::False:
+                                    case json::type::Null:
+                                        stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
+                                        break;
+                                    default:
+                                        current = action.pos;
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        case ActionType::OpenBlock:
+                            {
+                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
+                                if (!optional_ctx.first)
+                                {
+                                    current = action.pos;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+
+                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
+                                switch(ctx.t())
+                                {
+                                    case json::type::List:
+                                        if (ctx.l)
+                                            for(auto it = ctx.l->begin(); it != ctx.l->end(); ++it)
+                                            {
+                                                stack.push_back(&*it);
+                                                render_internal(current+1, action.pos, stack, out, indent);
+                                                stack.pop_back();
+                                            }
+                                        current = action.pos;
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::Number:
+                                    case json::type::String:
+                                    case json::type::Object:
+                                    case json::type::True:
+                                        stack.push_back(&ctx);
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::False:
+                                    case json::type::Null:
+                                        current = action.pos;
+                                        break;
+                                    default:
+                                        throw std::runtime_error("{{#: not implemented context type: " + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)ctx.t()));
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        case ActionType::CloseBlock:
+                            stack.pop_back();
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            throw std::runtime_error("not implemented " + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)action.t));
+                    }
+                    current++;
+                }
+                auto& fragment = fragments_[actionEnd];
+                render_fragment(fragment, indent, out);
+            }
+            void render_fragment(const std::pair<int, int> fragment, int indent, std::string& out)
+            {
+                if (indent)
+                {
+                    for(int i = fragment.first; i < fragment.second; i ++)
+                    {
+                        out += body_[i];
+                        if (body_[i] == '\n' && i+1 != (int)body_.size())
+                            out.insert(out.size(), indent, ' ');
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    out.insert(out.size(), body_, fragment.first, fragment.second-fragment.first);
+            }
+        public:
+            std::string render()
+            {
+                context empty_ctx;
+                std::vector<context*> stack;
+                stack.emplace_back(&empty_ctx);
+
+                std::string ret;
+                render_internal(0, fragments_.size()-1, stack, ret, 0);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            std::string render(context& ctx)
+            {
+                std::vector<context*> stack;
+                stack.emplace_back(&ctx);
+
+                std::string ret;
+                render_internal(0, fragments_.size()-1, stack, ret, 0);
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+        private:
+
+            void parse()
+            {
+                std::string tag_open = "{{";
+                std::string tag_close = "}}";
+
+                std::vector<int> blockPositions;
+                
+                size_t current = 0;
+                while(1)
+                {
+                    size_t idx = body_.find(tag_open, current);
+                    if (idx == body_.npos)
+                    {
+                        fragments_.emplace_back(current, body_.size());
+                        actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, 0, 0);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    fragments_.emplace_back(current, idx);
+
+                    idx += tag_open.size();
+                    size_t endIdx = body_.find(tag_close, idx);
+                    if (endIdx == idx)
+                    {
+                        throw invalid_template_exception("empty tag is not allowed");
+                    }
+                    if (endIdx == body_.npos)
+                    {
+                        // error, no matching tag
+                        throw invalid_template_exception("not matched opening tag");
+                    }
+                    current = endIdx + tag_close.size();
+                    switch(body_[idx])
+                    {
+                        case '#':
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            blockPositions.emplace_back(actions_.size());
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::OpenBlock, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '/':
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            {
+                                auto& matched = actions_[blockPositions.back()];
+                                if (body_.compare(idx, endIdx-idx, 
+                                        body_, matched.start, matched.end - matched.start) != 0)
+                                {
+                                    throw invalid_template_exception("not matched {{# {{/ pair: " + 
+                                        body_.substr(matched.start, matched.end - matched.start) + ", " + 
+                                        body_.substr(idx, endIdx-idx));
+                                }
+                                matched.pos = actions_.size();
+                            }
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::CloseBlock, idx, endIdx, blockPositions.back());
+                            blockPositions.pop_back();
+                            break;
+                        case '^':
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            blockPositions.emplace_back(actions_.size());
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::ElseBlock, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '!':
+                            // do nothing action
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, idx+1, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '>': // partial
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Partial, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '{':
+                            if (tag_open != "{{" || tag_close != "}}")
+                                throw invalid_template_exception("cannot use triple mustache when delimiter changed");
+
+                            idx ++;
+                            if (body_[endIdx+2] != '}')
+                            {
+                                throw invalid_template_exception("{{{: }}} not matched");
+                            }
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::UnescapeTag, idx, endIdx);
+                            current++;
+                            break;
+                        case '&':
+                            idx ++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::UnescapeTag, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '=':
+                            // tag itself is no-op
+                            idx ++;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, idx, endIdx);
+                            endIdx --;
+                            if (body_[endIdx] != '=')
+                                throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: not matching = tag: "+body_.substr(idx, endIdx-idx));
+                            endIdx --;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            endIdx++;
+                            {
+                                bool succeeded = false;
+                                for(size_t i = idx; i < endIdx; i++)
+                                {
+                                    if (body_[i] == ' ')
+                                    {
+                                        tag_open = body_.substr(idx, i-idx);
+                                        while(body_[i] == ' ') i++;
+                                        tag_close = body_.substr(i, endIdx-i);
+                                        if (tag_open.empty())
+                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: empty open tag");
+                                        if (tag_close.empty())
+                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: empty close tag");
+
+                                        if (tag_close.find(" ") != tag_close.npos)
+                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: invalid open/close tag: "+tag_open+" " + tag_close);
+                                        succeeded = true;
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                if (!succeeded)
+                                    throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: cannot find space between new open/close tags");
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            // normal tag case;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Tag, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // removing standalones
+                for(int i = actions_.size()-2; i >= 0; i --)
+                {
+                    if (actions_[i].t == ActionType::Tag || actions_[i].t == ActionType::UnescapeTag)
+                        continue;
+                    auto& fragment_before = fragments_[i];
+                    auto& fragment_after = fragments_[i+1];
+                    bool is_last_action = i == (int)actions_.size()-2;
+                    bool all_space_before = true;
+                    int j, k;
+                    for(j = fragment_before.second-1;j >= fragment_before.first;j--)
+                    {
+                        if (body_[j] != ' ')
+                        {
+                            all_space_before = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (all_space_before && i > 0)
+                        continue;
+                    if (!all_space_before && body_[j] != '\n')
+                        continue;
+                    bool all_space_after = true;
+                    for(k = fragment_after.first; k < (int)body_.size() && k < fragment_after.second; k ++)
+                    {
+                        if (body_[k] != ' ')
+                        {
+                            all_space_after = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (all_space_after && !is_last_action)
+                        continue;
+                    if (!all_space_after && 
+                            !(
+                                body_[k] == '\n' 
+                            || 
+                                (body_[k] == '\r' && 
+                                k + 1 < (int)body_.size() && 
+                                body_[k+1] == '\n')))
+                        continue;
+                    if (actions_[i].t == ActionType::Partial)
+                    {
+                        actions_[i].pos = fragment_before.second - j - 1;
+                    }
+                    fragment_before.second = j+1;
+                    if (!all_space_after)
+                    {
+                        if (body_[k] == '\n')
+                            k++;
+                        else 
+                            k += 2;
+                        fragment_after.first = k;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            std::vector<std::pair<int,int>> fragments_;
+            std::vector<Action> actions_;
+            std::string body_;
+        };
+
+        inline template_t compile(const std::string& body)
+        {
+            return template_t(body);
+        }
+        namespace detail
+        {
+            inline std::string& get_template_base_directory_ref()
+            {
+                static std::string template_base_directory = "templates";
+                return template_base_directory;
+            }
+        }
+
+        inline std::string default_loader(const std::string& filename)
+        {
+            std::string path = detail::get_template_base_directory_ref();
+            if (!(path.back() == '/' || path.back() == '\\'))
+                path += '/';
+            path += filename;
+            std::ifstream inf(path);
+            if (!inf)
+                return {};
+            return {std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(inf), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>()};
+        }
+
+        namespace detail
+        {
+            inline std::function<std::string (std::string)>& get_loader_ref()
+            {
+                static std::function<std::string (std::string)> loader = default_loader;
+                return loader;
+            }
+        }
+
+        inline void set_base(const std::string& path)
+        {
+            auto& base = detail::get_template_base_directory_ref();
+            base = path;
+            if (base.back() != '\\' && 
+                base.back() != '/')
+            {
+                base += '/';
+            }
+        }
+
+        inline void set_loader(std::function<std::string(std::string)> loader)
+        {
+            detail::get_loader_ref() = std::move(loader);
+        }
+
+        inline std::string load_text(const std::string& filename)
+        {
+            return detail::get_loader_ref()(filename);
+        }
+
+        inline template_t load(const std::string& filename)
+        {
+            return compile(detail::get_loader_ref()(filename));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    // Any middleware requires following 3 members:
+
+    // struct context;
+    //      storing data for the middleware; can be read from another middleware or handlers
+
+    // before_handle
+    //      called before handling the request.
+    //      if res.end() is called, the operation is halted. 
+    //      (still call after_handle of this middleware)
+    //      2 signatures:
+    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+    //          if you only need to access this middlewares context.
+    //      template <typename AllContext>
+    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
+    //          you can access another middlewares' context by calling `all_ctx.template get<MW>()'
+    //          ctx == all_ctx.template get<CurrentMiddleware>()
+
+    // after_handle
+    //      called after handling the request.
+    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+    //      template <typename AllContext>
+    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
+
+    struct CookieParser
+    {
+        struct context
+        {
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> jar;
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> cookies_to_add;
+
+            std::string get_cookie(const std::string& key) const
+            {
+                auto cookie = jar.find(key);
+                if (cookie != jar.end())
+                    return cookie->second;
+                return {};
+            }
+
+            void set_cookie(const std::string& key, const std::string& value)
+            {
+                cookies_to_add.emplace(key, value);
+            }
+        };
+
+        void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+        {
+            int count = req.headers.count("Cookie");
+            if (!count)
+                return;
+            if (count > 1)
+            {
+                res.code = 400;
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+            std::string cookies = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
+            size_t pos = 0;
+            while(pos < cookies.size())
+            {
+                size_t pos_equal = cookies.find('=', pos);
+                if (pos_equal == cookies.npos)
+                    break;
+                std::string name = cookies.substr(pos, pos_equal-pos);
+                boost::trim(name);
+                pos = pos_equal+1;
+                while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+                if (pos == cookies.size())
+                    break;
+
+                size_t pos_semicolon = cookies.find(';', pos);
+                std::string value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_semicolon-pos);
+
+                boost::trim(value);
+                if (value[0] == '"' && value[value.size()-1] == '"')
+                {
+                    value = value.substr(1, value.size()-2);
+                }
+
+                ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
+
+                pos = pos_semicolon;
+                if (pos == cookies.npos)
+                    break;
+                pos++;
+                while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void after_handle(request& /*req*/, response& res, context& ctx)
+        {
+            for(auto& cookie:ctx.cookies_to_add)
+            {
+                if (cookie.second.empty())
+                    res.add_header("Set-Cookie", cookie.first + "=\"\"");
+                else
+                    res.add_header("Set-Cookie", cookie.first + "=" + cookie.second);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    /*
+    App<CookieParser, AnotherJarMW> app;
+    A B C
+    A::context
+        int aa;
+
+    ctx1 : public A::context
+    ctx2 : public ctx1, public B::context
+    ctx3 : public ctx2, public C::context
+
+    C depends on A
+
+    C::handle
+        context.aaa
+
+    App::context : private CookieParser::contetx, ... 
+    {
+        jar
+
+    }
+
+    SimpleApp
+    */
+}
+
+
+
+/* merged revision: 5b951d74bd66ec9d38448e0a85b1cf8b85d97db3 */
+/* Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef CROW_http_parser_h
+#define CROW_http_parser_h
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* Also update SONAME in the Makefile whenever you change these. */
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR 2
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR 3
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH 0
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER<1600)
+#include <BaseTsd.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+typedef __int8 int8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
+typedef __int16 int16_t;
+typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
+typedef __int32 int32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef __int64 int64_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#else
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+/* Compile with -DHTTP_PARSER_STRICT=0 to make less checks, but run
+ * faster
+ */
+#ifndef CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT 1
+#endif
+
+/* Maximium header size allowed. If the macro is not defined
+ * before including this header then the default is used. To
+ * change the maximum header size, define the macro in the build
+ * environment (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=<value>). To remove
+ * the effective limit on the size of the header, define the macro
+ * to a very large number (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=0x7fffffff)
+ */
+#ifndef CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE
+# define CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE (80*1024)
+#endif
+
+typedef struct http_parser http_parser;
+typedef struct http_parser_settings http_parser_settings;
+
+
+/* Callbacks should return non-zero to indicate an error. The parser will
+ * then halt execution.
+ *
+ * The one exception is on_headers_complete. In a HTTP_RESPONSE parser
+ * returning '1' from on_headers_complete will tell the parser that it
+ * should not expect a body. This is used when receiving a response to a
+ * HEAD request which may contain 'Content-Length' or 'Transfer-Encoding:
+ * chunked' headers that indicate the presence of a body.
+ *
+ * http_data_cb does not return data chunks. It will be call arbitrarally
+ * many times for each string. E.G. you might get 10 callbacks for "on_url"
+ * each providing just a few characters more data.
+ */
+typedef int (*http_data_cb) (http_parser*, const char *at, size_t length);
+typedef int (*http_cb) (http_parser*);
+
+
+/* Request Methods */
+#define CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)         \
+  CROW_XX(0,  DELETE,      DELETE)       \
+  CROW_XX(1,  GET,         GET)          \
+  CROW_XX(2,  HEAD,        HEAD)         \
+  CROW_XX(3,  POST,        POST)         \
+  CROW_XX(4,  PUT,         PUT)          \
+  /* pathological */                \
+  CROW_XX(5,  CONNECT,     CONNECT)      \
+  CROW_XX(6,  OPTIONS,     OPTIONS)      \
+  CROW_XX(7,  TRACE,       TRACE)        \
+  /* RFC-5789 */                    \
+  CROW_XX(8, PATCH,       PATCH)        \
+  CROW_XX(9, PURGE,       PURGE)        \
+  /* webdav */                      \
+  CROW_XX(10,  COPY,        COPY)         \
+  CROW_XX(11,  LOCK,        LOCK)         \
+  CROW_XX(12, MKCOL,       MKCOL)        \
+  CROW_XX(13, MOVE,        MOVE)         \
+  CROW_XX(14, PROPFIND,    PROPFIND)     \
+  CROW_XX(15, PROPPATCH,   PROPPATCH)    \
+  CROW_XX(16, SEARCH,      SEARCH)       \
+  CROW_XX(17, UNLOCK,      UNLOCK)       \
+  /* subversion */                  \
+  CROW_XX(18, REPORT,      REPORT)       \
+  CROW_XX(19, MKACTIVITY,  MKACTIVITY)   \
+  CROW_XX(20, CHECKOUT,    CHECKOUT)     \
+  CROW_XX(21, MERGE,       MERGE)        \
+  /* upnp */                        \
+  CROW_XX(22, MSEARCH,     M-SEARCH)     \
+  CROW_XX(23, NOTIFY,      NOTIFY)       \
+  CROW_XX(24, SUBSCRIBE,   SUBSCRIBE)    \
+  CROW_XX(25, UNSUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE)  \
+  /* CalDAV */                      \
+  CROW_XX(26, MKCALENDAR,  MKCALENDAR)   \
+
+enum http_method
+  {
+#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) HTTP_##name = num,
+  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
+#undef CROW_XX
+  };
+
+
+enum http_parser_type { HTTP_REQUEST, HTTP_RESPONSE, HTTP_BOTH };
+
+
+/* Flag values for http_parser.flags field */
+enum flags
+  { F_CHUNKED               = 1 << 0
+  , F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE = 1 << 1
+  , F_CONNECTION_CLOSE      = 1 << 2
+  , F_TRAILING              = 1 << 3
+  , F_UPGRADE               = 1 << 4
+  , F_SKIPBODY              = 1 << 5
+  };
+
+
+/* Map for errno-related constants
+ * 
+ * The provided argument should be a macro that takes 2 arguments.
+ */
+#define CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_XX)                                           \
+  /* No error */                                                     \
+  CROW_XX(OK, "success")                                                  \
+                                                                     \
+  /* Callback-related errors */                                      \
+  CROW_XX(CB_message_begin, "the on_message_begin callback failed")       \
+  CROW_XX(CB_url, "the on_url callback failed")                           \
+  CROW_XX(CB_header_field, "the on_header_field callback failed")         \
+  CROW_XX(CB_header_value, "the on_header_value callback failed")         \
+  CROW_XX(CB_headers_complete, "the on_headers_complete callback failed") \
+  CROW_XX(CB_body, "the on_body callback failed")                         \
+  CROW_XX(CB_message_complete, "the on_message_complete callback failed") \
+  CROW_XX(CB_status, "the on_status callback failed")                     \
+                                                                     \
+  /* Parsing-related errors */                                       \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_EOF_STATE, "stream ended at an unexpected time")        \
+  CROW_XX(HEADER_OVERFLOW,                                                \
+     "too many header bytes seen; overflow detected")                \
+  CROW_XX(CLOSED_CONNECTION,                                              \
+     "data received after completed connection: close message")      \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_VERSION, "invalid HTTP version")                        \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_STATUS, "invalid HTTP status code")                     \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_METHOD, "invalid HTTP method")                          \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_URL, "invalid URL")                                     \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_HOST, "invalid host")                                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_PORT, "invalid port")                                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_PATH, "invalid path")                                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_QUERY_STRING, "invalid query string")                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_FRAGMENT, "invalid fragment")                           \
+  CROW_XX(LF_EXPECTED, "CROW_LF character expected")                           \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN, "invalid character in header")            \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH,                                         \
+     "invalid character in content-length header")                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE,                                             \
+     "invalid character in chunk size header")                       \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_CONSTANT, "invalid constant string")                    \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE, "encountered unexpected internal state")\
+  CROW_XX(STRICT, "strict mode assertion failed")                         \
+  CROW_XX(PAUSED, "parser is paused")                                     \
+  CROW_XX(UNKNOWN, "an unknown error occurred")
+
+
+/* Define HPE_* values for each errno value above */
+#define CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN(n, s) HPE_##n,
+enum http_errno {
+  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN)
+};
+#undef CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN
+
+
+/* Get an http_errno value from an http_parser */
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(p)            ((enum http_errno) (p)->http_errno)
+
+
+struct http_parser {
+  /** PRIVATE **/
+  unsigned int type : 2;         /* enum http_parser_type */
+  unsigned int flags : 6;        /* F_* values from 'flags' enum; semi-public */
+  unsigned int state : 8;        /* enum state from http_parser.c */
+  unsigned int header_state : 8; /* enum header_state from http_parser.c */
+  unsigned int index : 8;        /* index into current matcher */
+
+  uint32_t nread;          /* # bytes read in various scenarios */
+  uint64_t content_length; /* # bytes in body (0 if no Content-Length header) */
+
+  /** READ-ONLY **/
+  unsigned short http_major;
+  unsigned short http_minor;
+  unsigned int status_code : 16; /* responses only */
+  unsigned int method : 8;       /* requests only */
+  unsigned int http_errno : 7;
+
+  /* 1 = Upgrade header was present and the parser has exited because of that.
+   * 0 = No upgrade header present.
+   * Should be checked when http_parser_execute() returns in addition to
+   * error checking.
+   */
+  unsigned int upgrade : 1;
+
+  /** PUBLIC **/
+  void *data; /* A pointer to get hook to the "connection" or "socket" object */
+};
+
+
+struct http_parser_settings {
+  http_cb      on_message_begin;
+  http_data_cb on_url;
+  http_data_cb on_status;
+  http_data_cb on_header_field;
+  http_data_cb on_header_value;
+  http_cb      on_headers_complete;
+  http_data_cb on_body;
+  http_cb      on_message_complete;
+};
+
+
+enum http_parser_url_fields
+  { UF_SCHEMA           = 0
+  , UF_HOST             = 1
+  , UF_PORT             = 2
+  , UF_PATH             = 3
+  , UF_QUERY            = 4
+  , UF_FRAGMENT         = 5
+  , UF_USERINFO         = 6
+  , UF_MAX              = 7
+  };
+
+
+/* Result structure for http_parser_parse_url().
+ *
+ * Callers should index into field_data[] with UF_* values iff field_set
+ * has the relevant (1 << UF_*) bit set. As a courtesy to clients (and
+ * because we probably have padding left over), we convert any port to
+ * a uint16_t.
+ */
+struct http_parser_url {
+  uint16_t field_set;           /* Bitmask of (1 << UF_*) values */
+  uint16_t port;                /* Converted UF_PORT string */
+
+  struct {
+    uint16_t off;               /* Offset into buffer in which field starts */
+    uint16_t len;               /* Length of run in buffer */
+  } field_data[UF_MAX];
+};
+
+
+/* Returns the library version. Bits 16-23 contain the major version number,
+ * bits 8-15 the minor version number and bits 0-7 the patch level.
+ * Usage example:
+ *
+ *   unsigned long version = http_parser_version();
+ *   unsigned major = (version >> 16) & 255;
+ *   unsigned minor = (version >> 8) & 255;
+ *   unsigned patch = version & 255;
+ *   printf("http_parser v%u.%u.%u\n", major, minor, version);
+ */
+unsigned long http_parser_version(void);
+
+void http_parser_init(http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type type);
+
+
+size_t http_parser_execute(http_parser *parser,
+                           const http_parser_settings *settings,
+                           const char *data,
+                           size_t len);
+
+
+/* If http_should_keep_alive() in the on_headers_complete or
+ * on_message_complete callback returns 0, then this should be
+ * the last message on the connection.
+ * If you are the server, respond with the "Connection: close" header.
+ * If you are the client, close the connection.
+ */
+int http_should_keep_alive(const http_parser *parser);
+
+/* Returns a string version of the HTTP method. */
+const char *http_method_str(enum http_method m);
+
+/* Return a string name of the given error */
+const char *http_errno_name(enum http_errno err);
+
+/* Return a string description of the given error */
+const char *http_errno_description(enum http_errno err);
+
+/* Parse a URL; return nonzero on failure */
+int http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen,
+                          int is_connect,
+                          struct http_parser_url *u);
+
+/* Pause or un-pause the parser; a nonzero value pauses */
+void http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused);
+
+/* Checks if this is the final chunk of the body. */
+int http_body_is_final(const http_parser *parser);
+
+/*#include "http_parser.h"*/
+/* Based on src/http/ngx_http_parse.c from NGINX copyright Igor Sysoev
+ *
+ * Additional changes are licensed under the same terms as NGINX and
+ * copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#ifndef CROW_ULLONG_MAX
+# define CROW_ULLONG_MAX ((uint64_t) -1) /* 2^64-1 */
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CROW_MIN
+# define CROW_MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CROW_ARRAY_SIZE
+# define CROW_ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof((a)[0]))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CROW_BIT_AT
+# define CROW_BIT_AT(a, i)                                                \
+  (!!((unsigned int) (a)[(unsigned int) (i) >> 3] &                  \
+   (1 << ((unsigned int) (i) & 7))))
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CROW_ELEM_AT
+# define CROW_ELEM_AT(a, i, v) ((unsigned int) (i) < CROW_ARRAY_SIZE(a) ? (a)[(i)] : (v))
+#endif
+
+#define CROW_SET_ERRNO(e)                                                 \
+do {                                                                 \
+  parser->http_errno = (e);                                          \
+} while(0)
+
+
+/* Run the notify callback FOR, returning ER if it fails */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, ER)                                    \
+do {                                                                 \
+  assert(CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
+                                                                     \
+  if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                          \
+    if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser)) {                           \
+      CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                       \
+    }                                                                \
+                                                                     \
+    /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */             \
+    if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                       \
+      return (ER);                                                   \
+    }                                                                \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+
+/* Run the notify callback FOR and consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(FOR)            CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data + 1)
+
+/* Run the notify callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(FOR)  CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data)
+
+/* Run data callback FOR with LEN bytes, returning ER if it fails */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, LEN, ER)                                 \
+do {                                                                 \
+  assert(CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
+                                                                     \
+  if (FOR##_mark) {                                                  \
+    if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                        \
+      if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser, FOR##_mark, (LEN))) {      \
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                     \
+      }                                                              \
+                                                                     \
+      /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */           \
+      if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                     \
+        return (ER);                                                 \
+      }                                                              \
+    }                                                                \
+    FOR##_mark = NULL;                                               \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+  
+/* Run the data callback FOR and consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(FOR)                                           \
+    CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data + 1)
+
+/* Run the data callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(FOR)                                 \
+    CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data)
+
+/* Set the mark FOR; non-destructive if mark is already set */
+#define CROW_MARK(FOR)                                                    \
+do {                                                                 \
+  if (!FOR##_mark) {                                                 \
+    FOR##_mark = p;                                                  \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+
+
+#define CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION "proxy-connection"
+#define CROW_CONNECTION "connection"
+#define CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH "content-length"
+#define CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING "transfer-encoding"
+#define CROW_UPGRADE "upgrade"
+#define CROW_CHUNKED "chunked"
+#define CROW_KEEP_ALIVE "keep-alive"
+#define CROW_CLOSE "close"
+
+
+
+
+enum state
+  { s_dead = 1 /* important that this is > 0 */
+
+  , s_start_req_or_res
+  , s_res_or_resp_H
+  , s_start_res
+  , s_res_H
+  , s_res_HT
+  , s_res_HTT
+  , s_res_HTTP
+  , s_res_first_http_major
+  , s_res_http_major
+  , s_res_first_http_minor
+  , s_res_http_minor
+  , s_res_first_status_code
+  , s_res_status_code
+  , s_res_status_start
+  , s_res_status
+  , s_res_line_almost_done
+
+  , s_start_req
+
+  , s_req_method
+  , s_req_spaces_before_url
+  , s_req_schema
+  , s_req_schema_slash
+  , s_req_schema_slash_slash
+  , s_req_server_start
+  , s_req_server
+  , s_req_server_with_at
+  , s_req_path
+  , s_req_query_string_start
+  , s_req_query_string
+  , s_req_fragment_start
+  , s_req_fragment
+  , s_req_http_start
+  , s_req_http_H
+  , s_req_http_HT
+  , s_req_http_HTT
+  , s_req_http_HTTP
+  , s_req_first_http_major
+  , s_req_http_major
+  , s_req_first_http_minor
+  , s_req_http_minor
+  , s_req_line_almost_done
+
+  , s_header_field_start
+  , s_header_field
+  , s_header_value_discard_ws
+  , s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done
+  , s_header_value_discard_lws
+  , s_header_value_start
+  , s_header_value
+  , s_header_value_lws
+
+  , s_header_almost_done
+
+  , s_chunk_size_start
+  , s_chunk_size
+  , s_chunk_parameters
+  , s_chunk_size_almost_done
+
+  , s_headers_almost_done
+  , s_headers_done
+
+  /* Important: 's_headers_done' must be the last 'header' state. All
+   * states beyond this must be 'body' states. It is used for overflow
+   * checking. See the CROW_PARSING_HEADER() macro.
+   */
+
+  , s_chunk_data
+  , s_chunk_data_almost_done
+  , s_chunk_data_done
+
+  , s_body_identity
+  , s_body_identity_eof
+
+  , s_message_done
+  };
+
+
+#define CROW_PARSING_HEADER(state) (state <= s_headers_done)
+
+
+enum header_states
+  { h_general = 0
+  , h_C
+  , h_CO
+  , h_CON
+
+  , h_matching_connection
+  , h_matching_proxy_connection
+  , h_matching_content_length
+  , h_matching_transfer_encoding
+  , h_matching_upgrade
+
+  , h_connection
+  , h_content_length
+  , h_transfer_encoding
+  , h_upgrade
+
+  , h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked
+  , h_matching_connection_keep_alive
+  , h_matching_connection_close
+
+  , h_transfer_encoding_chunked
+  , h_connection_keep_alive
+  , h_connection_close
+  };
+
+enum http_host_state
+  {
+    s_http_host_dead = 1
+  , s_http_userinfo_start
+  , s_http_userinfo
+  , s_http_host_start
+  , s_http_host_v6_start
+  , s_http_host
+  , s_http_host_v6
+  , s_http_host_v6_end
+  , s_http_host_port_start
+  , s_http_host_port
+};
+
+/* Macros for character classes; depends on strict-mode  */
+#define CROW_CR                  '\r'
+#define CROW_LF                  '\n'
+#define CROW_LOWER(c)            (unsigned char)(c | 0x20)
+#define CROW_IS_ALPHA(c)         (CROW_LOWER(c) >= 'a' && CROW_LOWER(c) <= 'z')
+#define CROW_IS_NUM(c)           ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
+#define CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c)      (CROW_IS_ALPHA(c) || CROW_IS_NUM(c))
+#define CROW_IS_HEX(c)           (CROW_IS_NUM(c) || (CROW_LOWER(c) >= 'a' && CROW_LOWER(c) <= 'f'))
+#define CROW_IS_MARK(c)          ((c) == '-' || (c) == '_' || (c) == '.' || \
+  (c) == '!' || (c) == '~' || (c) == '*' || (c) == '\'' || (c) == '(' || \
+  (c) == ')')
+#define CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(c) (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || CROW_IS_MARK(c) || (c) == '%' || \
+  (c) == ';' || (c) == ':' || (c) == '&' || (c) == '=' || (c) == '+' || \
+  (c) == '$' || (c) == ',')
+
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+#define CROW_TOKEN(c)            (tokens[(unsigned char)c])
+#define CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(c)      (CROW_BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c))
+#define CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(c)     (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-')
+#else
+#define CROW_TOKEN(c)            ((c == ' ') ? ' ' : tokens[(unsigned char)c])
+#define CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(c)                                                         \
+  (CROW_BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c) || ((c) & 0x80))
+#define CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(c)                                                        \
+  (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-' || (c) == '_')
+#endif
+
+
+#define CROW_start_state (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : s_start_res)
+
+
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define CROW_STRICT_CHECK(cond)                                          \
+do {                                                                 \
+  if (cond) {                                                        \
+    CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_STRICT);                                           \
+    goto error;                                                      \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+# define CROW_NEW_MESSAGE() (http_should_keep_alive(parser) ? CROW_start_state : s_dead)
+#else
+# define CROW_STRICT_CHECK(cond)
+# define CROW_NEW_MESSAGE() CROW_start_state
+#endif
+
+
+
+int http_message_needs_eof(const http_parser *parser);
+
+/* Our URL parser.
+ *
+ * This is designed to be shared by http_parser_execute() for URL validation,
+ * hence it has a state transition + byte-for-byte interface. In addition, it
+ * is meant to be embedded in http_parser_parse_url(), which does the dirty
+ * work of turning state transitions URL components for its API.
+ *
+ * This function should only be invoked with non-space characters. It is
+ * assumed that the caller cares about (and can detect) the transition between
+ * URL and non-URL states by looking for these.
+ */
+inline enum state
+parse_url_char(enum state s, const char ch)
+{
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define CROW_T(v) 0
+#else
+# define CROW_T(v) v
+#endif
+
+
+static const uint8_t normal_url_char[32] = {
+/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
+        0    | CROW_T(2)   |   0    |   0    | CROW_T(16)  |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
+        0    |   2    |   4    |   0    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0,
+/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  CROW_T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0, };
+
+#undef CROW_T
+
+  if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\n') {
+    return s_dead;
+  }
+
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+  if (ch == '\t' || ch == '\f') {
+    return s_dead;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  switch (s) {
+    case s_req_spaces_before_url:
+      /* Proxied requests are followed by scheme of an absolute URI (alpha).
+       * All methods except CONNECT are followed by '/' or '*'.
+       */
+
+      if (ch == '/' || ch == '*') {
+        return s_req_path;
+      }
+
+      if (CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+        return s_req_schema;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_schema:
+      if (CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
+
+      if (ch == ':') {
+        return s_req_schema_slash;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_schema_slash:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_schema_slash_slash;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_server_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_server_with_at:
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_dead;
+      }
+
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case s_req_server_start:
+    case s_req_server:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_path;
+      }
+
+      if (ch == '?') {
+        return s_req_query_string_start;
+      }
+
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_req_server_with_at;
+      }
+
+      if (CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch) || ch == '[' || ch == ']') {
+        return s_req_server;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_path:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          return s_req_query_string_start;
+
+        case '#':
+          return s_req_fragment_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_query_string_start:
+    case s_req_query_string:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_req_query_string;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          /* allow extra '?' in query string */
+          return s_req_query_string;
+
+        case '#':
+          return s_req_fragment_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_fragment_start:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_req_fragment;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          return s_req_fragment;
+
+        case '#':
+          return s;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_fragment:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+        case '#':
+          return s;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  /* We should never fall out of the switch above unless there's an error */
+  return s_dead;
+}
+
+inline size_t http_parser_execute (http_parser *parser,
+                            const http_parser_settings *settings,
+                            const char *data,
+                            size_t len)
+{
+static const char *method_strings[] =
+  {
+#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) #string,
+  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
+#undef CROW_XX
+  };
+
+/* Tokens as defined by rfc 2616. Also lowercases them.
+ *        token       = 1*<any CHAR except CTLs or separators>
+ *     separators     = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@"
+ *                    | "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <">
+ *                    | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "="
+ *                    | "{" | "}" | SP | HT
+ */
+static const char tokens[256] = {
+/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
+        0,      '!',      0,      '#',     '$',     '%',     '&',    '\'',
+/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
+        0,       0,      '*',     '+',      0,      '-',     '.',      0,
+/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
+       '0',     '1',     '2',     '3',     '4',     '5',     '6',     '7',
+/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
+       '8',     '9',      0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
+        0,      'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
+/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
+       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
+/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
+       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
+/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
+       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,       0,       0,      '^',     '_',
+/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
+       '`',     'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
+/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
+       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
+/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
+       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
+/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
+       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,      '|',      0,      '~',       0 };
+
+
+static const int8_t unhex[256] =
+  {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  };
+
+
+
+  char c, ch;
+  int8_t unhex_val;
+  const char *p = data;
+  const char *header_field_mark = 0;
+  const char *header_value_mark = 0;
+  const char *url_mark = 0;
+  const char *body_mark = 0;
+  const char *status_mark = 0;
+
+  /* We're in an error state. Don't bother doing anything. */
+  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (len == 0) {
+    switch (parser->state) {
+      case s_body_identity_eof:
+        /* Use of CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY() here would erroneously return 1 byte read if
+         * we got paused.
+         */
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(message_complete);
+        return 0;
+
+      case s_dead:
+      case s_start_req_or_res:
+      case s_start_res:
+      case s_start_req:
+        return 0;
+
+      default:
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_EOF_STATE);
+        return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  if (parser->state == s_header_field)
+    header_field_mark = data;
+  if (parser->state == s_header_value)
+    header_value_mark = data;
+  switch (parser->state) {
+  case s_req_path:
+  case s_req_schema:
+  case s_req_schema_slash:
+  case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+  case s_req_server_start:
+  case s_req_server:
+  case s_req_server_with_at:
+  case s_req_query_string_start:
+  case s_req_query_string:
+  case s_req_fragment_start:
+  case s_req_fragment:
+    url_mark = data;
+    break;
+  case s_res_status:
+    status_mark = data;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  for (p=data; p != data + len; p++) {
+    ch = *p;
+
+    if (CROW_PARSING_HEADER(parser->state)) {
+      ++parser->nread;
+      /* Don't allow the total size of the HTTP headers (including the status
+       * line) to exceed CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE.  This check is here to protect
+       * embedders against denial-of-service attacks where the attacker feeds
+       * us a never-ending header that the embedder keeps buffering.
+       *
+       * This check is arguably the responsibility of embedders but we're doing
+       * it on the embedder's behalf because most won't bother and this way we
+       * make the web a little safer.  CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE is still far bigger
+       * than any reasonable request or response so this should never affect
+       * day-to-day operation.
+       */
+      if (parser->nread > (CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE)) {
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_HEADER_OVERFLOW);
+        goto error;
+      }
+    }
+
+    reexecute_byte:
+    switch (parser->state) {
+
+      case s_dead:
+        /* this state is used after a 'Connection: close' message
+         * the parser will error out if it reads another message
+         */
+        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
+          break;
+
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CLOSED_CONNECTION);
+        goto error;
+
+      case s_start_req_or_res:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
+          break;
+        parser->flags = 0;
+        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
+
+        if (ch == 'H') {
+          parser->state = s_res_or_resp_H;
+
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
+        } else {
+          parser->type = HTTP_REQUEST;
+          parser->state = s_start_req;
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_or_resp_H:
+        if (ch == 'T') {
+          parser->type = HTTP_RESPONSE;
+          parser->state = s_res_HT;
+        } else {
+          if (ch != 'E') {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
+            goto error;
+          }
+
+          parser->type = HTTP_REQUEST;
+          parser->method = HTTP_HEAD;
+          parser->index = 2;
+          parser->state = s_req_method;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case s_start_res:
+      {
+        parser->flags = 0;
+        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
+
+        switch (ch) {
+          case 'H':
+            parser->state = s_res_H;
+            break;
+
+          case CROW_CR:
+          case CROW_LF:
+            break;
+
+          default:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
+            goto error;
+        }
+
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_H:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_res_HT;
+        break;
+
+      case s_res_HT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_res_HTT;
+        break;
+
+      case s_res_HTT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'P');
+        parser->state = s_res_HTTP;
+        break;
+
+      case s_res_HTTP:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != '/');
+        parser->state = s_res_first_http_major;
+        break;
+
+      case s_res_first_http_major:
+        if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_major = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_res_http_major;
+        break;
+
+      /* major HTTP version or dot */
+      case s_res_http_major:
+      {
+        if (ch == '.') {
+          parser->state = s_res_first_http_minor;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_major *= 10;
+        parser->http_major += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->http_major > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* first digit of minor HTTP version */
+      case s_res_first_http_minor:
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_minor = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_res_http_minor;
+        break;
+
+      /* minor HTTP version or end of request line */
+      case s_res_http_minor:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ') {
+          parser->state = s_res_first_status_code;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_minor *= 10;
+        parser->http_minor += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->http_minor > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_first_status_code:
+      {
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          if (ch == ' ') {
+            break;
+          }
+
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
+          goto error;
+        }
+        parser->status_code = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_res_status_code;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_status_code:
+      {
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          switch (ch) {
+            case ' ':
+              parser->state = s_res_status_start;
+              break;
+            case CROW_CR:
+              parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
+              break;
+            case CROW_LF:
+              parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+              break;
+            default:
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
+              goto error;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+
+        parser->status_code *= 10;
+        parser->status_code += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->status_code > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_status_start:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        CROW_MARK(status);
+        parser->state = s_res_status;
+        parser->index = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_status:
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(status);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(status);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        break;
+
+      case s_res_line_almost_done:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        break;
+
+      case s_start_req:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
+          break;
+        parser->flags = 0;
+        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->method = (enum http_method) 0;
+        parser->index = 1;
+        switch (ch) {
+          case 'C': parser->method = HTTP_CONNECT; /* or COPY, CHECKOUT */ break;
+          case 'D': parser->method = HTTP_DELETE; break;
+          case 'G': parser->method = HTTP_GET; break;
+          case 'H': parser->method = HTTP_HEAD; break;
+          case 'L': parser->method = HTTP_LOCK; break;
+          case 'M': parser->method = HTTP_MKCOL; /* or MOVE, MKACTIVITY, MERGE, M-SEARCH, MKCALENDAR */ break;
+          case 'N': parser->method = HTTP_NOTIFY; break;
+          case 'O': parser->method = HTTP_OPTIONS; break;
+          case 'P': parser->method = HTTP_POST;
+            /* or PROPFIND|PROPPATCH|PUT|PATCH|PURGE */
+            break;
+          case 'R': parser->method = HTTP_REPORT; break;
+          case 'S': parser->method = HTTP_SUBSCRIBE; /* or SEARCH */ break;
+          case 'T': parser->method = HTTP_TRACE; break;
+          case 'U': parser->method = HTTP_UNLOCK; /* or UNSUBSCRIBE */ break;
+          default:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        parser->state = s_req_method;
+
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_req_method:
+      {
+        const char *matcher;
+        if (ch == '\0') {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        matcher = method_strings[parser->method];
+        if (ch == ' ' && matcher[parser->index] == '\0') {
+          parser->state = s_req_spaces_before_url;
+        } else if (ch == matcher[parser->index]) {
+          ; /* nada */
+        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT) {
+          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'H') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_CHECKOUT;
+          } else if (parser->index == 2  && ch == 'P') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_COPY;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_MKCOL) {
+          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'O') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MOVE;
+          } else if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'E') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MERGE;
+          } else if (parser->index == 1 && ch == '-') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MSEARCH;
+          } else if (parser->index == 2 && ch == 'A') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MKACTIVITY;
+          } else if (parser->index == 3 && ch == 'A') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MKCALENDAR;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_SUBSCRIBE) {
+          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'E') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_SEARCH;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->index == 1 && parser->method == HTTP_POST) {
+          if (ch == 'R') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_PROPFIND; /* or HTTP_PROPPATCH */
+          } else if (ch == 'U') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_PUT; /* or HTTP_PURGE */
+          } else if (ch == 'A') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_PATCH;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->index == 2) {
+          if (parser->method == HTTP_PUT) {
+            if (ch == 'R') {
+              parser->method = HTTP_PURGE;
+            } else {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+              goto error;
+            }
+          } else if (parser->method == HTTP_UNLOCK) {
+            if (ch == 'S') {
+              parser->method = HTTP_UNSUBSCRIBE;
+            } else {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+              goto error;
+            }
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->index == 4 && parser->method == HTTP_PROPFIND && ch == 'P') {
+          parser->method = HTTP_PROPPATCH;
+        } else {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        ++parser->index;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_req_spaces_before_url:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ') break;
+
+        CROW_MARK(url);
+        if (parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT) {
+          parser->state = s_req_server_start;
+        }
+
+        parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
+        if (parser->state == s_dead) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_req_schema:
+      case s_req_schema_slash:
+      case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+      case s_req_server_start:
+      {
+        switch (ch) {
+          /* No whitespace allowed here */
+          case ' ':
+          case CROW_CR:
+          case CROW_LF:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+            goto error;
+          default:
+            parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
+            if (parser->state == s_dead) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+              goto error;
+            }
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_req_server:
+      case s_req_server_with_at:
+      case s_req_path:
+      case s_req_query_string_start:
+      case s_req_query_string:
+      case s_req_fragment_start:
+      case s_req_fragment:
+      {
+        switch (ch) {
+          case ' ':
+            parser->state = s_req_http_start;
+            CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(url);
+            break;
+          case CROW_CR:
+          case CROW_LF:
+            parser->http_major = 0;
+            parser->http_minor = 9;
+            parser->state = (ch == CROW_CR) ?
+              s_req_line_almost_done :
+              s_header_field_start;
+            CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(url);
+            break;
+          default:
+            parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
+            if (parser->state == s_dead) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+              goto error;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_req_http_start:
+        switch (ch) {
+          case 'H':
+            parser->state = s_req_http_H;
+            break;
+          case ' ':
+            break;
+          default:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_http_H:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_req_http_HT;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_http_HT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_req_http_HTT;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_http_HTT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'P');
+        parser->state = s_req_http_HTTP;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_http_HTTP:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != '/');
+        parser->state = s_req_first_http_major;
+        break;
+
+      /* first digit of major HTTP version */
+      case s_req_first_http_major:
+        if (ch < '1' || ch > '9') {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_major = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_req_http_major;
+        break;
+
+      /* major HTTP version or dot */
+      case s_req_http_major:
+      {
+        if (ch == '.') {
+          parser->state = s_req_first_http_minor;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_major *= 10;
+        parser->http_major += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->http_major > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* first digit of minor HTTP version */
+      case s_req_first_http_minor:
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_minor = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_req_http_minor;
+        break;
+
+      /* minor HTTP version or end of request line */
+      case s_req_http_minor:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_req_line_almost_done;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        /* XXX allow spaces after digit? */
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->http_minor *= 10;
+        parser->http_minor += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->http_minor > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* end of request line */
+      case s_req_line_almost_done:
+      {
+        if (ch != CROW_LF) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_LF_EXPECTED);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_field_start:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_headers_almost_done;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          /* they might be just sending \n instead of \r\n so this would be
+           * the second \n to denote the end of headers*/
+          parser->state = s_headers_almost_done;
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
+
+        c = CROW_TOKEN(ch);
+
+        if (!c) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        CROW_MARK(header_field);
+
+        parser->index = 0;
+        parser->state = s_header_field;
+
+        switch (c) {
+          case 'c':
+            parser->header_state = h_C;
+            break;
+
+          case 'p':
+            parser->header_state = h_matching_proxy_connection;
+            break;
+
+          case 't':
+            parser->header_state = h_matching_transfer_encoding;
+            break;
+
+          case 'u':
+            parser->header_state = h_matching_upgrade;
+            break;
+
+          default:
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_field:
+      {
+        c = CROW_TOKEN(ch);
+
+        if (c) {
+          switch (parser->header_state) {
+            case h_general:
+              break;
+
+            case h_C:
+              parser->index++;
+              parser->header_state = (c == 'o' ? h_CO : h_general);
+              break;
+
+            case h_CO:
+              parser->index++;
+              parser->header_state = (c == 'n' ? h_CON : h_general);
+              break;
+
+            case h_CON:
+              parser->index++;
+              switch (c) {
+                case 'n':
+                  parser->header_state = h_matching_connection;
+                  break;
+                case 't':
+                  parser->header_state = h_matching_content_length;
+                  break;
+                default:
+                  parser->header_state = h_general;
+                  break;
+              }
+              break;
+
+            /* connection */
+
+            case h_matching_connection:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CONNECTION)-1
+                  || c != CROW_CONNECTION[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CONNECTION)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_connection;
+              }
+              break;
+
+            /* proxy-connection */
+
+            case h_matching_proxy_connection:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION)-1
+                  || c != CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_connection;
+              }
+              break;
+
+            /* content-length */
+
+            case h_matching_content_length:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH)-1
+                  || c != CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_content_length;
+              }
+              break;
+
+            /* transfer-encoding */
+
+            case h_matching_transfer_encoding:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING)-1
+                  || c != CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_transfer_encoding;
+              }
+              break;
+
+            /* upgrade */
+
+            case h_matching_upgrade:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_UPGRADE)-1
+                  || c != CROW_UPGRADE[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_UPGRADE)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_upgrade;
+              }
+              break;
+
+            case h_connection:
+            case h_content_length:
+            case h_transfer_encoding:
+            case h_upgrade:
+              if (ch != ' ') parser->header_state = h_general;
+              break;
+
+            default:
+              assert(0 && "Unknown header_state");
+              break;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == ':') {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN);
+        goto error;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_value_discard_ws:
+        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') break;
+
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_lws;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
+
+      case s_header_value_start:
+      {
+        CROW_MARK(header_value);
+
+        parser->state = s_header_value;
+        parser->index = 0;
+
+        c = CROW_LOWER(ch);
+
+        switch (parser->header_state) {
+          case h_upgrade:
+            parser->flags |= F_UPGRADE;
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
+
+          case h_transfer_encoding:
+            /* looking for 'Transfer-Encoding: chunked' */
+            if ('c' == c) {
+              parser->header_state = h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked;
+            } else {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            }
+            break;
+
+          case h_content_length:
+            if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+              goto error;
+            }
+
+            parser->content_length = ch - '0';
+            break;
+
+          case h_connection:
+            /* looking for 'Connection: keep-alive' */
+            if (c == 'k') {
+              parser->header_state = h_matching_connection_keep_alive;
+            /* looking for 'Connection: close' */
+            } else if (c == 'c') {
+              parser->header_state = h_matching_connection_close;
+            } else {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            }
+            break;
+
+          default:
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_value:
+      {
+
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_value);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
+
+        c = CROW_LOWER(ch);
+
+        switch (parser->header_state) {
+          case h_general:
+            break;
+
+          case h_connection:
+          case h_transfer_encoding:
+            assert(0 && "Shouldn't get here.");
+            break;
+
+          case h_content_length:
+          {
+            uint64_t t;
+
+            if (ch == ' ') break;
+
+            if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+              goto error;
+            }
+
+            t = parser->content_length;
+            t *= 10;
+            t += ch - '0';
+
+            /* Overflow? Test against a conservative limit for simplicity. */
+            if ((CROW_ULLONG_MAX - 10) / 10 < parser->content_length) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+              goto error;
+            }
+
+            parser->content_length = t;
+            break;
+          }
+
+          /* Transfer-Encoding: chunked */
+          case h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked:
+            parser->index++;
+            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CHUNKED)-1
+                || c != CROW_CHUNKED[parser->index]) {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CHUNKED)-2) {
+              parser->header_state = h_transfer_encoding_chunked;
+            }
+            break;
+
+          /* looking for 'Connection: keep-alive' */
+          case h_matching_connection_keep_alive:
+            parser->index++;
+            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_KEEP_ALIVE)-1
+                || c != CROW_KEEP_ALIVE[parser->index]) {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_KEEP_ALIVE)-2) {
+              parser->header_state = h_connection_keep_alive;
+            }
+            break;
+
+          /* looking for 'Connection: close' */
+          case h_matching_connection_close:
+            parser->index++;
+            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CLOSE)-1 || c != CROW_CLOSE[parser->index]) {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CLOSE)-2) {
+              parser->header_state = h_connection_close;
+            }
+            break;
+
+          case h_transfer_encoding_chunked:
+          case h_connection_keep_alive:
+          case h_connection_close:
+            if (ch != ' ') parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
+
+          default:
+            parser->state = s_header_value;
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_almost_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+
+        parser->state = s_header_value_lws;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_value_lws:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_start;
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
+
+        /* finished the header */
+        switch (parser->header_state) {
+          case h_connection_keep_alive:
+            parser->flags |= F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE;
+            break;
+          case h_connection_close:
+            parser->flags |= F_CONNECTION_CLOSE;
+            break;
+          case h_transfer_encoding_chunked:
+            parser->flags |= F_CHUNKED;
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+
+        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        goto reexecute_byte;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+        parser->state = s_header_value_discard_lws;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_value_discard_lws:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws;
+          break;
+        } else {
+          /* header value was empty */
+          CROW_MARK(header_value);
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
+      }
+
+      case s_headers_almost_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+
+        if (parser->flags & F_TRAILING) {
+          /* End of a chunked request */
+          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+          break;
+        }
+
+        parser->state = s_headers_done;
+
+        /* Set this here so that on_headers_complete() callbacks can see it */
+        parser->upgrade =
+          (parser->flags & F_UPGRADE || parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT);
+
+        /* Here we call the headers_complete callback. This is somewhat
+         * different than other callbacks because if the user returns 1, we
+         * will interpret that as saying that this message has no body. This
+         * is needed for the annoying case of recieving a response to a HEAD
+         * request.
+         *
+         * We'd like to use CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE() here but we cannot, so
+         * we have to simulate it by handling a change in errno below.
+         */
+        if (settings->on_headers_complete) {
+          switch (settings->on_headers_complete(parser)) {
+            case 0:
+              break;
+
+            case 1:
+              parser->flags |= F_SKIPBODY;
+              break;
+
+            default:
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_headers_complete);
+              return p - data; /* Error */
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
+          return p - data;
+        }
+
+        goto reexecute_byte;
+      }
+
+      case s_headers_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+
+        parser->nread = 0;
+
+        /* Exit, the rest of the connect is in a different protocol. */
+        if (parser->upgrade) {
+          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+          return (p - data) + 1;
+        }
+
+        if (parser->flags & F_SKIPBODY) {
+          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+        } else if (parser->flags & F_CHUNKED) {
+          /* chunked encoding - ignore Content-Length header */
+          parser->state = s_chunk_size_start;
+        } else {
+          if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+            /* Content-Length header given but zero: Content-Length: 0\r\n */
+            parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+            CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+          } else if (parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX) {
+            /* Content-Length header given and non-zero */
+            parser->state = s_body_identity;
+          } else {
+            if (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ||
+                !http_message_needs_eof(parser)) {
+              /* Assume content-length 0 - read the next */
+              parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+              CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+            } else {
+              /* Read body until EOF */
+              parser->state = s_body_identity_eof;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_body_identity:
+      {
+        uint64_t to_read = CROW_MIN(parser->content_length,
+                               (uint64_t) ((data + len) - p));
+
+        assert(parser->content_length != 0
+            && parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX);
+
+        /* The difference between advancing content_length and p is because
+         * the latter will automaticaly advance on the next loop iteration.
+         * Further, if content_length ends up at 0, we want to see the last
+         * byte again for our message complete callback.
+         */
+        CROW_MARK(body);
+        parser->content_length -= to_read;
+        p += to_read - 1;
+
+        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+          parser->state = s_message_done;
+
+          /* Mimic CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE() but with one extra byte.
+           *
+           * The alternative to doing this is to wait for the next byte to
+           * trigger the data callback, just as in every other case. The
+           * problem with this is that this makes it difficult for the test
+           * harness to distinguish between complete-on-EOF and
+           * complete-on-length. It's not clear that this distinction is
+           * important for applications, but let's keep it for now.
+           */
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(body, p - body_mark + 1, p - data);
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* read until EOF */
+      case s_body_identity_eof:
+        CROW_MARK(body);
+        p = data + len - 1;
+
+        break;
+
+      case s_message_done:
+        parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+        break;
+
+      case s_chunk_size_start:
+      {
+        assert(parser->nread == 1);
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+
+        unhex_val = unhex[(unsigned char)ch];
+        if (unhex_val == -1) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->content_length = unhex_val;
+        parser->state = s_chunk_size;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_chunk_size:
+      {
+        uint64_t t;
+
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_size_almost_done;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        unhex_val = unhex[(unsigned char)ch];
+
+        if (unhex_val == -1) {
+          if (ch == ';' || ch == ' ') {
+            parser->state = s_chunk_parameters;
+            break;
+          }
+
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        t = parser->content_length;
+        t *= 16;
+        t += unhex_val;
+
+        /* Overflow? Test against a conservative limit for simplicity. */
+        if ((CROW_ULLONG_MAX - 16) / 16 < parser->content_length) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+          goto error;
+        }
+
+        parser->content_length = t;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_chunk_parameters:
+      {
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        /* just ignore this shit. TODO check for overflow */
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_size_almost_done;
+          break;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_chunk_size_almost_done:
+      {
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+
+        parser->nread = 0;
+
+        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+          parser->flags |= F_TRAILING;
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        } else {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_data;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_chunk_data:
+      {
+        uint64_t to_read = CROW_MIN(parser->content_length,
+                               (uint64_t) ((data + len) - p));
+
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        assert(parser->content_length != 0
+            && parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX);
+
+        /* See the explanation in s_body_identity for why the content
+         * length and data pointers are managed this way.
+         */
+        CROW_MARK(body);
+        parser->content_length -= to_read;
+        p += to_read - 1;
+
+        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_data_almost_done;
+        }
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_chunk_data_almost_done:
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        assert(parser->content_length == 0);
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_CR);
+        parser->state = s_chunk_data_done;
+        CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(body);
+        break;
+
+      case s_chunk_data_done:
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+        parser->nread = 0;
+        parser->state = s_chunk_size_start;
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        assert(0 && "unhandled state");
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE);
+        goto error;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Run callbacks for any marks that we have leftover after we ran our of
+   * bytes. There should be at most one of these set, so it's OK to invoke
+   * them in series (unset marks will not result in callbacks).
+   *
+   * We use the NOADVANCE() variety of callbacks here because 'p' has already
+   * overflowed 'data' and this allows us to correct for the off-by-one that
+   * we'd otherwise have (since CROW_CALLBACK_DATA() is meant to be run with a 'p'
+   * value that's in-bounds).
+   */
+
+  assert(((header_field_mark ? 1 : 0) +
+          (header_value_mark ? 1 : 0) +
+          (url_mark ? 1 : 0)  +
+          (body_mark ? 1 : 0) +
+          (status_mark ? 1 : 0)) <= 1);
+
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_field);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(url);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(body);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(status);
+
+  return len;
+
+error:
+  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK) {
+    CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_UNKNOWN);
+  }
+
+  return (p - data);
+}
+
+
+/* Does the parser need to see an EOF to find the end of the message? */
+inline int
+http_message_needs_eof (const http_parser *parser)
+{
+  if (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* See RFC 2616 section 4.4 */
+  if (parser->status_code / 100 == 1 || /* 1xx e.g. Continue */
+      parser->status_code == 204 ||     /* No Content */
+      parser->status_code == 304 ||     /* Not Modified */
+      parser->flags & F_SKIPBODY) {     /* response to a HEAD request */
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if ((parser->flags & F_CHUNKED) || parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+
+inline int
+http_should_keep_alive (const http_parser *parser)
+{
+  if (parser->http_major > 0 && parser->http_minor > 0) {
+    /* HTTP/1.1 */
+    if (parser->flags & F_CONNECTION_CLOSE) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* HTTP/1.0 or earlier */
+    if (!(parser->flags & F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE)) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return !http_message_needs_eof(parser);
+}
+
+
+inline const char *
+http_method_str (enum http_method m)
+{
+static const char *method_strings[] =
+  {
+#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) #string,
+  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
+#undef CROW_XX
+  };
+  return CROW_ELEM_AT(method_strings, m, "<unknown>");
+}
+
+
+inline void
+http_parser_init (http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type t)
+{
+  void *data = parser->data; /* preserve application data */
+  memset(parser, 0, sizeof(*parser));
+  parser->data = data;
+  parser->type = t;
+  parser->state = (t == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : (t == HTTP_RESPONSE ? s_start_res : s_start_req_or_res));
+  parser->http_errno = HPE_OK;
+}
+
+inline const char *
+http_errno_name(enum http_errno err) {
+/* Map errno values to strings for human-readable output */
+#define CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN(n, s) { "HPE_" #n, s },
+static struct {
+  const char *name;
+  const char *description;
+} http_strerror_tab[] = {
+  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN)
+};
+#undef CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN
+  assert(err < (sizeof(http_strerror_tab)/sizeof(http_strerror_tab[0])));
+  return http_strerror_tab[err].name;
+}
+
+inline const char *
+http_errno_description(enum http_errno err) {
+/* Map errno values to strings for human-readable output */
+#define CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN(n, s) { "HPE_" #n, s },
+static struct {
+  const char *name;
+  const char *description;
+} http_strerror_tab[] = {
+  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN)
+};
+#undef CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN
+  assert(err < (sizeof(http_strerror_tab)/sizeof(http_strerror_tab[0])));
+  return http_strerror_tab[err].description;
+}
+
+inline static enum http_host_state
+http_parse_host_char(enum http_host_state s, const char ch) {
+  switch(s) {
+    case s_http_userinfo:
+    case s_http_userinfo_start:
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_http_host_start;
+      }
+
+      if (CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_http_userinfo;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case s_http_host_start:
+      if (ch == '[') {
+        return s_http_host_v6_start;
+      }
+
+      if (CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_http_host;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_http_host:
+      if (CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_http_host;
+      }
+
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case s_http_host_v6_end:
+      if (ch == ':') {
+        return s_http_host_port_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_http_host_v6:
+      if (ch == ']') {
+        return s_http_host_v6_end;
+      }
+
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case s_http_host_v6_start:
+      if (CROW_IS_HEX(ch) || ch == ':' || ch == '.') {
+        return s_http_host_v6;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_http_host_port:
+    case s_http_host_port_start:
+      if (CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+        return s_http_host_port;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+  return s_http_host_dead;
+}
+
+inline int
+http_parse_host(const char * buf, struct http_parser_url *u, int found_at) {
+  enum http_host_state s;
+
+  const char *p;
+  size_t buflen = u->field_data[UF_HOST].off + u->field_data[UF_HOST].len;
+
+  u->field_data[UF_HOST].len = 0;
+
+  s = found_at ? s_http_userinfo_start : s_http_host_start;
+
+  for (p = buf + u->field_data[UF_HOST].off; p < buf + buflen; p++) {
+    enum http_host_state new_s = http_parse_host_char(s, *p);
+
+    if (new_s == s_http_host_dead) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    switch(new_s) {
+      case s_http_host:
+        if (s != s_http_host) {
+          u->field_data[UF_HOST].off = p - buf;
+        }
+        u->field_data[UF_HOST].len++;
+        break;
+
+      case s_http_host_v6:
+        if (s != s_http_host_v6) {
+          u->field_data[UF_HOST].off = p - buf;
+        }
+        u->field_data[UF_HOST].len++;
+        break;
+
+      case s_http_host_port:
+        if (s != s_http_host_port) {
+          u->field_data[UF_PORT].off = p - buf;
+          u->field_data[UF_PORT].len = 0;
+          u->field_set |= (1 << UF_PORT);
+        }
+        u->field_data[UF_PORT].len++;
+        break;
+
+      case s_http_userinfo:
+        if (s != s_http_userinfo) {
+          u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].off = p - buf ;
+          u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].len = 0;
+          u->field_set |= (1 << UF_USERINFO);
+        }
+        u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].len++;
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+    s = new_s;
+  }
+
+  /* Make sure we don't end somewhere unexpected */
+  switch (s) {
+    case s_http_host_start:
+    case s_http_host_v6_start:
+    case s_http_host_v6:
+    case s_http_host_port_start:
+    case s_http_userinfo:
+    case s_http_userinfo_start:
+      return 1;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline int
+http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen, int is_connect,
+                      struct http_parser_url *u)
+{
+  enum state s;
+  const char *p;
+  enum http_parser_url_fields uf, old_uf;
+  int found_at = 0;
+
+  u->port = u->field_set = 0;
+  s = is_connect ? s_req_server_start : s_req_spaces_before_url;
+  old_uf = UF_MAX;
+
+  for (p = buf; p < buf + buflen; p++) {
+    s = parse_url_char(s, *p);
+
+    /* Figure out the next field that we're operating on */
+    switch (s) {
+      case s_dead:
+        return 1;
+
+      /* Skip delimeters */
+      case s_req_schema_slash:
+      case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+      case s_req_server_start:
+      case s_req_query_string_start:
+      case s_req_fragment_start:
+        continue;
+
+      case s_req_schema:
+        uf = UF_SCHEMA;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_server_with_at:
+        found_at = 1;
+
+      /* FALLTROUGH */
+      case s_req_server:
+        uf = UF_HOST;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_path:
+        uf = UF_PATH;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_query_string:
+        uf = UF_QUERY;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_fragment:
+        uf = UF_FRAGMENT;
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        assert(!"Unexpected state");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Nothing's changed; soldier on */
+    if (uf == old_uf) {
+      u->field_data[uf].len++;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    u->field_data[uf].off = p - buf;
+    u->field_data[uf].len = 1;
+
+    u->field_set |= (1 << uf);
+    old_uf = uf;
+  }
+
+  /* host must be present if there is a schema */
+  /* parsing http:///toto will fail */
+  if ((u->field_set & ((1 << UF_SCHEMA) | (1 << UF_HOST))) != 0) {
+    if (http_parse_host(buf, u, found_at) != 0) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* CONNECT requests can only contain "hostname:port" */
+  if (is_connect && u->field_set != ((1 << UF_HOST)|(1 << UF_PORT))) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (u->field_set & (1 << UF_PORT)) {
+    /* Don't bother with endp; we've already validated the string */
+    unsigned long v = strtoul(buf + u->field_data[UF_PORT].off, NULL, 10);
+
+    /* Ports have a max value of 2^16 */
+    if (v > 0xffff) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    u->port = (uint16_t) v;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline void
+http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused) {
+  /* Users should only be pausing/unpausing a parser that is not in an error
+   * state. In non-debug builds, there's not much that we can do about this
+   * other than ignore it.
+   */
+  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK ||
+      CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_PAUSED) {
+    CROW_SET_ERRNO((paused) ? HPE_PAUSED : HPE_OK);
+  } else {
+    assert(0 && "Attempting to pause parser in error state");
+  }
+}
+
+inline int
+http_body_is_final(const struct http_parser *parser) {
+    return parser->state == s_message_done;
+}
+
+inline unsigned long
+http_parser_version(void) {
+  return CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR * 0x10000 |
+         CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR * 0x00100 |
+         CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH * 0x00001;
+}
+
+#undef CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP
+#undef CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP
+#undef CROW_SET_ERRNO
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE
+#undef CROW_MARK
+#undef CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION
+#undef CROW_CONNECTION
+#undef CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH
+#undef CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING
+#undef CROW_UPGRADE
+#undef CROW_CHUNKED
+#undef CROW_KEEP_ALIVE
+#undef CROW_CLOSE
+#undef CROW_PARSING_HEADER
+#undef CROW_CR
+#undef CROW_LF
+#undef CROW_LOWER
+#undef CROW_IS_ALPHA
+#undef CROW_IS_NUM
+#undef CROW_IS_ALPHANUM
+#undef CROW_IS_HEX
+#undef CROW_IS_MARK
+#undef CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR
+#undef CROW_TOKEN
+#undef CROW_IS_URL_CHAR
+#undef CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR
+#undef CROW_start_state
+#undef CROW_STRICT_CHECK
+#undef CROW_NEW_MESSAGE
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    template <typename Handler>
+    struct HTTPParser : public http_parser
+    {
+        static int on_message_begin(http_parser* self_)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            self->clear();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_url(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            self->raw_url.insert(self->raw_url.end(), at, at+length);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_header_field(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            switch (self->header_building_state)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    if (!self->header_value.empty())
+                    {
+                        self->headers.emplace(std::move(self->header_field), std::move(self->header_value));
+                    }
+                    self->header_field.assign(at, at+length);
+                    self->header_building_state = 1;
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    self->header_field.insert(self->header_field.end(), at, at+length);
+                    break;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_header_value(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            switch (self->header_building_state)
+            {
+                case 0:
+                    self->header_value.insert(self->header_value.end(), at, at+length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    self->header_building_state = 0;
+                    self->header_value.assign(at, at+length);
+                    break;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_headers_complete(http_parser* self_)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            if (!self->header_field.empty())
+            {
+                self->headers.emplace(std::move(self->header_field), std::move(self->header_value));
+            }
+            self->process_header();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_body(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            self->body.insert(self->body.end(), at, at+length);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_message_complete(http_parser* self_)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+
+            // url params
+            self->url = self->raw_url.substr(0, self->raw_url.find("?"));
+            self->url_params = query_string(self->raw_url);
+
+            self->process_message();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        HTTPParser(Handler* handler) :
+            handler_(handler)
+        {
+            http_parser_init(this, HTTP_REQUEST);
+        }
+
+        // return false on error
+        bool feed(const char* buffer, int length)
+        {
+            const static http_parser_settings settings_{
+                on_message_begin,
+                on_url,
+                nullptr,
+                on_header_field,
+                on_header_value,
+                on_headers_complete,
+                on_body,
+                on_message_complete,
+            };
+
+            int nparsed = http_parser_execute(this, &settings_, buffer, length);
+            return nparsed == length;
+        }
+
+        bool done()
+        {
+            return feed(nullptr, 0);
+        }
+
+        void clear()
+        {
+            url.clear();
+            raw_url.clear();
+            header_building_state = 0;
+            header_field.clear();
+            header_value.clear();
+            headers.clear();
+            url_params.clear();
+            body.clear();
+        }
+
+        void process_header()
+        {
+            handler_->handle_header();
+        }
+
+        void process_message()
+        {
+            handler_->handle();
+        }
+
+        request to_request() const
+        {
+            return request{(HTTPMethod)method, std::move(raw_url), std::move(url), std::move(url_params), std::move(headers), std::move(body)};
+        }
+
+		bool is_upgrade() const
+		{
+			return upgrade;
+		}
+
+        bool check_version(int major, int minor) const
+        {
+            return http_major == major && http_minor == minor;
+        }
+
+        std::string raw_url;
+        std::string url;
+
+        int header_building_state = 0;
+        std::string header_field;
+        std::string header_value;
+        ci_map headers;
+        query_string url_params;
+        std::string body;
+
+        Handler* handler_;
+    };
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <boost/array.hpp>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <vector>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    using namespace boost;
+    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+
+    namespace detail
+    {
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_before_handle_arity_3_const
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::before_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_before_handle_arity_3
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::before_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_after_handle_arity_3_const
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::after_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_after_handle_arity_3
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::after_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_before_handle_arity_3_impl
+        {
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::false_type f(...);
+
+        public:
+            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_after_handle_arity_3_impl
+        {
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::false_type f(...);
+
+        public:
+            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<!is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
+        }
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
+        }
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<!is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
+        }
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx)
+        {
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            before_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+
+            if (res.is_completed())
+            {
+                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (middleware_call_helper<N+1, Context, Container, Middlewares...>(middlewares, req, res, ctx))
+            {
+                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& /*middlewares*/, request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/, Context& /*ctx*/)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N<0)>::type 
+        after_handlers_call_helper(Container& /*middlewares*/, Context& /*context*/, request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/)
+        {
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
+        {
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
+            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
+        {
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
+            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+            after_handlers_call_helper<N-1, Context, Container>(middlewares, ctx, req, res);
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+    static std::atomic<int> connectionCount;
+#endif
+    template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Connection
+    {
+        friend struct crow::response;
+    public:
+        Connection(
+            boost::asio::io_service& io_service, 
+            Handler* handler, 
+            const std::string& server_name,
+            std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares,
+            std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str_f,
+            detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue,
+            typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx_
+            ) 
+            : adaptor_(io_service, adaptor_ctx_), 
+            handler_(handler), 
+            parser_(this), 
+            server_name_(server_name),
+            middlewares_(middlewares),
+            get_cached_date_str(get_cached_date_str_f),
+            timer_queue(timer_queue)
+        {
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+            connectionCount ++;
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection open, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
+#endif
+        }
+        
+        ~Connection()
+        {
+            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+            connectionCount --;
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection closed, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
+#endif
+        }
+
+        decltype(std::declval<Adaptor>().raw_socket())& socket()
+        {
+            return adaptor_.raw_socket();
+        }
+
+        void start()
+        {
+            adaptor_.start([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
+                if (!ec)
+                {
+                    start_deadline();
+
+                    do_read();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    check_destroy();
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        void handle_header()
+        {
+            // HTTP 1.1 Expect: 100-continue
+            if (parser_.check_version(1, 1) && parser_.headers.count("expect") && get_header_value(parser_.headers, "expect") == "100-continue")
+            {
+                buffers_.clear();
+                static std::string expect_100_continue = "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(expect_100_continue.data(), expect_100_continue.size());
+                do_write();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void handle()
+        {
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+            bool is_invalid_request = false;
+            add_keep_alive_ = false;
+
+            req_ = std::move(parser_.to_request());
+            request& req = req_;
+
+            req.remoteIpAddress = adaptor_.remote_endpoint().address().to_string();
+
+            if (parser_.check_version(1, 0))
+            {
+                // HTTP/1.0
+                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
+                {
+                    if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
+                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
+                }
+                else
+                    close_connection_ = true;
+            }
+            else if (parser_.check_version(1, 1))
+            {
+                // HTTP/1.1
+                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
+                {
+                    if (req.get_header_value("connection") == "close")
+                        close_connection_ = true;
+                    else if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
+                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
+                }
+                if (!req.headers.count("host"))
+                {
+                    is_invalid_request = true;
+                    res = response(400);
+                }
+				if (parser_.is_upgrade())
+				{
+					if (req.get_header_value("upgrade") == "h2c")
+					{
+						// TODO HTTP/2
+                        // currently, ignore upgrade header
+					}
+                    else
+                    {
+                        close_connection_ = true;
+                        handler_->handle_upgrade(req, res, std::move(adaptor_));
+                        return;
+                    }
+				}
+            }
+
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Request: " << boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(adaptor_.remote_endpoint()) << " " << this << " HTTP/" << parser_.http_major << "." << parser_.http_minor << ' '
+             << method_name(req.method) << " " << req.url;
+
+
+            need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
+            if (!is_invalid_request)
+            {
+                res.complete_request_handler_ = []{};
+                res.is_alive_helper_ = [this]()->bool{ return adaptor_.is_open(); };
+
+                ctx_ = detail::context<Middlewares...>();
+                req.middleware_context = (void*)&ctx_;
+                req.io_service = &adaptor_.get_io_service();
+                detail::middleware_call_helper<0, decltype(ctx_), decltype(*middlewares_), Middlewares...>(*middlewares_, req, res, ctx_);
+
+                if (!res.completed_)
+                {
+                    res.complete_request_handler_ = [this]{ this->complete_request(); };
+                    need_to_call_after_handlers_ = true;
+                    handler_->handle(req, res);
+                    if (add_keep_alive_)
+                        res.set_header("connection", "Keep-Alive");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    complete_request();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                complete_request();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void complete_request()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Response: " << this << ' ' << req_.raw_url << ' ' << res.code << ' ' << close_connection_;
+
+            if (need_to_call_after_handlers_)
+            {
+                need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
+
+                // call all after_handler of middlewares
+                detail::after_handlers_call_helper<
+                    ((int)sizeof...(Middlewares)-1),
+                    decltype(ctx_),
+                    decltype(*middlewares_)>
+                (*middlewares_, ctx_, req_, res);
+            }
+           prepare_buffers();
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Response: " << this << ' ' << req_.raw_url << ' ' << res.code << ' ' << close_connection_;
+            if (res.file_info.path.size())
+            {
+                do_write_static();
+            }else {
+                do_write_general();
+            }
+
+        }
+
+    private:
+
+        void prepare_buffers()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
+
+            if (!adaptor_.is_open())
+            {
+                //CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (socket is closed) " << is_reading << ' ' << is_writing;
+                //delete this;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            static std::unordered_map<int, std::string> statusCodes = {
+                {200, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"},
+                {201, "HTTP/1.1 201 Created\r\n"},
+                {202, "HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted\r\n"},
+                {204, "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content\r\n"},
+
+                {300, "HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices\r\n"},
+                {301, "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n"},
+                {302, "HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily\r\n"},
+                {304, "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\n"},
+
+                {400, "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n"},
+                {401, "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n"},
+                {403, "HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n"},
+                {404, "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"},
+                {405, "HTTP/1.1 405 Method Not Allowed\r\n"},
+                {413, "HTTP/1.1 413 Payload Too Large\r\n"},
+                {422, "HTTP/1.1 422 Unprocessable Entity\r\n"},
+                {429, "HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests\r\n"},
+
+                {500, "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n"},
+                {501, "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n"},
+                {502, "HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway\r\n"},
+                {503, "HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\n"},
+            };
+
+            static std::string seperator = ": ";
+            static std::string crlf = "\r\n";
+
+            buffers_.clear();
+            buffers_.reserve(4*(res.headers.size()+5)+3);
+
+            if (res.body.empty() && res.json_value.t() == json::type::Object)
+            {
+                res.body = json::dump(res.json_value);
+            }
+
+            if (!statusCodes.count(res.code))
+                res.code = 500;
+            {
+                auto& status = statusCodes.find(res.code)->second;
+                buffers_.emplace_back(status.data(), status.size());
+            }
+
+            if (res.code >= 400 && res.body.empty())
+                res.body = statusCodes[res.code].substr(9);
+
+            for(auto& kv : res.headers)
+            {
+                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.first.data(), kv.first.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(seperator.data(), seperator.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.second.data(), kv.second.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+
+            }
+
+            if (!res.headers.count("content-length"))
+            {
+                content_length_ = std::to_string(res.body.size());
+                static std::string content_length_tag = "Content-Length: ";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_tag.data(), content_length_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_.data(), content_length_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (!res.headers.count("server"))
+            {
+                static std::string server_tag = "Server: ";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(server_tag.data(), server_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(server_name_.data(), server_name_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (!res.headers.count("date"))
+            {
+                static std::string date_tag = "Date: ";
+                date_str_ = get_cached_date_str();
+                buffers_.emplace_back(date_tag.data(), date_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(date_str_.data(), date_str_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (add_keep_alive_)
+            {
+                static std::string keep_alive_tag = "Connection: Keep-Alive";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(keep_alive_tag.data(), keep_alive_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+
+            buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            
+        }
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+        void do_write_static()
+        {
+            is_writing = true;
+            boost::asio::write(adaptor_.socket(), buffers_);
+            res.do_stream_file(adaptor_);
+
+            res.end();
+            res.clear();
+            buffers_.clear();
+        }
+#else //TODO support windows
+        void do_write_static(){
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "windows static file support is not ready";
+            res.code = 500;
+            res.end();
+            res.clear();
+            buffers_.clear();
+        }
+#endif
+        void do_write_general()
+        {
+            if (res.body.length() < res_stream_threshold_)
+            {
+                res_body_copy_.swap(res.body);
+                buffers_.emplace_back(res_body_copy_.data(), res_body_copy_.size());
+
+                do_write();
+
+                if (need_to_start_read_after_complete_)
+                {
+                    need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = false;
+                    start_deadline();
+                    do_read();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                is_writing = true;
+                boost::asio::write(adaptor_.socket(), buffers_);
+                res.do_stream_body(adaptor_);
+
+                res.end();
+                res.clear();
+                buffers_.clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void do_read()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            is_reading = true;
+            adaptor_.socket().async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(buffer_), 
+                [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
+                {
+                    bool error_while_reading = true;
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        bool ret = parser_.feed(buffer_.data(), bytes_transferred);
+                        if (ret && adaptor_.is_open())
+                        {
+                            error_while_reading = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (error_while_reading)
+                    {
+                        cancel_deadline_timer();
+                        parser_.done();
+                        adaptor_.shutdown_read();
+                        adaptor_.close();
+                        is_reading = false;
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from read(1)";
+                        check_destroy();
+                    }
+                    else if (close_connection_)
+                    {
+                        cancel_deadline_timer();
+                        parser_.done();
+                        is_reading = false;
+                        check_destroy();
+                        // adaptor will close after write
+                    }
+                    else if (!need_to_call_after_handlers_)
+                    {
+                        start_deadline();
+                        do_read();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // res will be completed later by user
+                        need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = true;
+                    }
+                });
+        }
+
+        void do_write()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            is_writing = true;
+            boost::asio::async_write(adaptor_.socket(), buffers_, 
+                [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t /*bytes_transferred*/)
+                {
+                    is_writing = false;
+                    res.clear();
+                    res_body_copy_.clear();
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        if (close_connection_)
+                        {
+                            adaptor_.shutdown_write();
+                            adaptor_.close();
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(1)";
+                            check_destroy();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(2)";
+                        check_destroy();
+                    }
+                });
+        }
+
+        void check_destroy()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " is_reading " << is_reading << " is_writing " << is_writing;
+            if (!is_reading && !is_writing)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (idle) ";
+                delete this;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void cancel_deadline_timer()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer cancelled: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+            timer_queue.cancel(timer_cancel_key_);
+        }
+
+        void start_deadline(/*int timeout = 5*/)
+        {
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+            
+            timer_cancel_key_ = timer_queue.add([this]
+            {
+                if (!adaptor_.is_open())
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+                adaptor_.shutdown_readwrite();
+                adaptor_.close();
+            });
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer added: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        Adaptor adaptor_;
+        Handler* handler_;
+
+        boost::array<char, 4096> buffer_;
+
+        const uint res_stream_threshold_ = 1048576;
+
+        HTTPParser<Connection> parser_;
+        request req_;
+        response res;
+
+        bool close_connection_ = false;
+
+        const std::string& server_name_;
+        std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> buffers_;
+
+        std::string content_length_;
+        std::string date_str_;
+        std::string res_body_copy_;
+
+        //boost::asio::deadline_timer deadline_;
+        detail::dumb_timer_queue::key timer_cancel_key_;
+
+        bool is_reading{};
+        bool is_writing{};
+        bool need_to_call_after_handlers_{};
+        bool need_to_start_read_after_complete_{};
+        bool add_keep_alive_{};
+
+        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
+        detail::context<Middlewares...> ctx_;
+
+        std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str;
+        detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue;
+    };
+
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+#include <boost/asio/ssl.hpp>
+#endif
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <future>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    using namespace boost;
+    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+
+    template <typename Handler, typename Adaptor = SocketAdaptor, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Server
+    {
+    public:
+    Server(Handler* handler, std::string bindaddr, uint16_t port, std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares = nullptr, uint16_t concurrency = 1, typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx = nullptr)
+            : acceptor_(io_service_, tcp::endpoint(boost::asio::ip::address::from_string(bindaddr), port)),
+            signals_(io_service_, SIGINT, SIGTERM),
+            tick_timer_(io_service_),
+            handler_(handler),
+            concurrency_(concurrency == 0 ? 1 : concurrency),
+            port_(port),
+            bindaddr_(bindaddr),
+            middlewares_(middlewares),
+            adaptor_ctx_(adaptor_ctx)
+        {
+        }
+
+        void set_tick_function(std::chrono::milliseconds d, std::function<void()> f)
+        {
+            tick_interval_ = d;
+            tick_function_ = f;
+        }
+
+        void on_tick()
+        {
+            tick_function_();
+            tick_timer_.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::milliseconds(tick_interval_.count()));
+            tick_timer_.async_wait([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec)
+                    {
+                        if (ec)
+                            return;
+                        on_tick();
+                    });
+        }
+
+        void run()
+        {
+            for(int i = 0; i < concurrency_;  i++)
+                io_service_pool_.emplace_back(new boost::asio::io_service());
+            get_cached_date_str_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
+            timer_queue_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
+
+            std::vector<std::future<void>> v;
+            std::atomic<int> init_count(0);
+            for(uint16_t i = 0; i < concurrency_; i ++)
+                v.push_back(
+                        std::async(std::launch::async, [this, i, &init_count]{
+
+                            // thread local date string get function
+                            auto last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+                            std::string date_str;
+                            auto update_date_str = [&]
+                            {
+                                auto last_time_t = time(0);
+                                tm my_tm;
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) or defined(__MINGW32__)
+                                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &last_time_t);
+#else
+                                gmtime_r(&last_time_t, &my_tm);
+#endif
+                                date_str.resize(100);
+                                size_t date_str_sz = strftime(&date_str[0], 99, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &my_tm);
+                                date_str.resize(date_str_sz);
+                            };
+                            update_date_str();
+                            get_cached_date_str_pool_[i] = [&]()->std::string
+                            {
+                                if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - last >= std::chrono::seconds(1))
+                                {
+                                    last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                                    update_date_str();
+                                }
+                                return date_str;
+                            };
+
+                            // initializing timer queue
+                            detail::dumb_timer_queue timer_queue;
+                            timer_queue_pool_[i] = &timer_queue;
+
+                            timer_queue.set_io_service(*io_service_pool_[i]);
+                            boost::asio::deadline_timer timer(*io_service_pool_[i]);
+                            timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
+
+                            std::function<void(const boost::system::error_code& ec)> handler;
+                            handler = [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec){
+                                if (ec)
+                                    return;
+                                timer_queue.process();
+                                timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
+                                timer.async_wait(handler);
+                            };
+                            timer.async_wait(handler);
+
+                            init_count ++;
+                            while(1)
+                            {
+                                try 
+                                {
+                                    if (io_service_pool_[i]->run() == 0)
+                                    {
+                                        // when io_service.run returns 0, there are no more works to do.
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                } catch(std::exception& e)
+                                {
+                                    CROW_LOG_ERROR << "Worker Crash: An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }));
+
+            if (tick_function_ && tick_interval_.count() > 0) 
+            {
+                tick_timer_.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::milliseconds(tick_interval_.count()));
+                tick_timer_.async_wait([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec)
+                        {
+                            if (ec)
+                                return;
+                            on_tick();
+                        });
+            }
+
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << server_name_ << " server is running at " << bindaddr_ <<":" << port_
+                          << " using " << concurrency_ << " threads";
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Call `app.loglevel(crow::LogLevel::Warning)` to hide Info level logs.";
+
+            signals_.async_wait(
+                [&](const boost::system::error_code& /*error*/, int /*signal_number*/){
+                    stop();
+                });
+
+            while(concurrency_ != init_count)
+                std::this_thread::yield();
+
+            do_accept();
+
+            std::thread([this]{
+                io_service_.run();
+                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Exiting.";
+            }).join();
+        }
+
+        void stop()
+        {
+            io_service_.stop();
+            for(auto& io_service:io_service_pool_)
+                io_service->stop();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        asio::io_service& pick_io_service()
+        {
+            // TODO load balancing
+            roundrobin_index_++;
+            if (roundrobin_index_ >= io_service_pool_.size())
+                roundrobin_index_ = 0;
+            return *io_service_pool_[roundrobin_index_];
+        }
+
+        void do_accept()
+        {
+            asio::io_service& is = pick_io_service();
+            auto p = new Connection<Adaptor, Handler, Middlewares...>(
+                is, handler_, server_name_, middlewares_,
+                get_cached_date_str_pool_[roundrobin_index_], *timer_queue_pool_[roundrobin_index_],
+                adaptor_ctx_);
+            acceptor_.async_accept(p->socket(),
+                [this, p, &is](boost::system::error_code ec)
+                {
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        is.post([p]
+                        {
+                            p->start();
+                        });
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        delete p;
+                    }
+                    do_accept();
+                });
+        }
+
+    private:
+        asio::io_service io_service_;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<asio::io_service>> io_service_pool_;
+        std::vector<detail::dumb_timer_queue*> timer_queue_pool_;
+        std::vector<std::function<std::string()>> get_cached_date_str_pool_;
+        tcp::acceptor acceptor_;
+        boost::asio::signal_set signals_;
+        boost::asio::deadline_timer tick_timer_;
+
+        Handler* handler_;
+        uint16_t concurrency_{1};
+        std::string server_name_ = "Crow/0.2";
+        uint16_t port_;
+        std::string bindaddr_;
+        unsigned int roundrobin_index_{};
+
+        std::chrono::milliseconds tick_interval_;
+        std::function<void()> tick_function_;
+
+        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
+
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+        bool use_ssl_{false};
+        boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context_{boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23};
+#endif
+        typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx_;
+    };
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <string>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <future>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <thread>
+#include <condition_variable>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+#define CROW_ROUTE(app, url) app.route_dynamic(url)
+#else
+#define CROW_ROUTE(app, url) app.route<crow::black_magic::get_parameter_tag(url)>(url)
+#endif
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    int detail::dumb_timer_queue::tick = 5;
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+    using ssl_context_t = boost::asio::ssl::context;
+#endif
+    ///The main server application
+
+    ///
+    /// Use `SimpleApp` or `App<Middleware1, Middleware2, etc...>`
+    template <typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Crow
+    {
+    public:
+        ///This crow application
+        using self_t = Crow;
+        ///The HTTP server
+        using server_t = Server<Crow, SocketAdaptor, Middlewares...>;
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+        ///An HTTP server that runs on SSL with an SSLAdaptor
+        using ssl_server_t = Server<Crow, SSLAdaptor, Middlewares...>;
+#endif
+        Crow()
+        {
+        }
+
+        ///Process an Upgrade request
+
+        ///
+        ///Currently used to upgrrade an HTTP connection to a WebSocket connection
+        template <typename Adaptor>
+        void handle_upgrade(const request& req, response& res, Adaptor&& adaptor)
+        {
+            router_.handle_upgrade(req, res, adaptor);
+        }
+
+        ///Process the request and generate a response for it
+        void handle(const request& req, response& res)
+        {
+            router_.handle(req, res);
+        }
+
+        ///Create a dynamic route using a rule (**Use CROW_ROUTE instead**)
+        DynamicRule& route_dynamic(std::string&& rule)
+        {
+            return router_.new_rule_dynamic(std::move(rule));
+        }
+
+        ///Create a route using a rule (**Use CROW_ROUTE instead**)
+        template <uint64_t Tag>
+        auto route(std::string&& rule)
+            -> typename std::result_of<decltype(&Router::new_rule_tagged<Tag>)(Router, std::string&&)>::type
+        {
+            return router_.new_rule_tagged<Tag>(std::move(rule));
+        }
+
+        ///Set the port that Crow will handle requests on
+        self_t& port(std::uint16_t port)
+        {
+            port_ = port;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ///Set the connection timeout in seconds (default is 5)
+        self_t& timeout(std::uint8_t timeout)
+        {
+            detail::dumb_timer_queue::tick = timeout;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ///The IP address that Crow will handle requests on (default is 0.0.0.0)
+        self_t& bindaddr(std::string bindaddr)
+        {
+            bindaddr_ = bindaddr;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ///Run the server on multiple threads using all available threads
+        self_t& multithreaded()
+        {
+            return concurrency(std::thread::hardware_concurrency());
+        }
+
+        ///Run the server on multiple threads using a specific number
+        self_t& concurrency(std::uint16_t concurrency)
+        {
+            if (concurrency < 1)
+                concurrency = 1;
+            concurrency_ = concurrency;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ///Set the server's log level
+
+        ///
+        /// Possible values are:
+        /// crow::LogLevel::Debug       (0)
+        /// crow::LogLevel::Info        (1)
+        /// crow::LogLevel::Warning     (2)
+        /// crow::LogLevel::Error       (3)
+        /// crow::LogLevel::Critical    (4)
+        self_t& loglevel(crow::LogLevel level)
+        {
+            crow::logger::setLogLevel(level);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ///Set a custom duration and function to run on every tick
+        template <typename Duration, typename Func>
+        self_t& tick(Duration d, Func f) {
+            tick_interval_ = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(d);
+            tick_function_ = f;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ///A wrapper for `validate()` in the router
+
+        ///
+        ///Go through the rules, upgrade them if possible, and add them to the list of rules
+        void validate()
+        {
+            router_.validate();
+        }
+
+        ///Notify anything using `wait_for_server_start()` to proceed
+        void notify_server_start()
+        {
+            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(start_mutex_);
+            server_started_ = true;
+            cv_started_.notify_all();
+        }
+
+        ///Run the server
+        void run()
+        {
+            validate();
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+            if (use_ssl_)
+            {
+                ssl_server_ = std::move(std::unique_ptr<ssl_server_t>(new ssl_server_t(this, bindaddr_, port_, &middlewares_, concurrency_, &ssl_context_)));
+                ssl_server_->set_tick_function(tick_interval_, tick_function_);
+                notify_server_start();
+                ssl_server_->run();
+            }
+            else
+#endif
+            {
+                server_ = std::move(std::unique_ptr<server_t>(new server_t(this, bindaddr_, port_, &middlewares_, concurrency_, nullptr)));
+                server_->set_tick_function(tick_interval_, tick_function_);
+                notify_server_start();
+                server_->run();
+            }
+        }
+
+        ///Stop the server
+        void stop()
+        {
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+            if (use_ssl_)
+            {
+		if (ssl_server_) {
+                    ssl_server_->stop();
+		}
+            }
+            else
+#endif
+            {
+		if (server_) {
+                    server_->stop();
+		}
+            }
+        }
+
+        void debug_print()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Routing:";
+            router_.debug_print();
+        }
+
+
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+
+        ///use certificate and key files for SSL
+        self_t& ssl_file(const std::string& crt_filename, const std::string& key_filename)
+        {
+            use_ssl_ = true;
+            ssl_context_.set_verify_mode(boost::asio::ssl::verify_peer);
+            ssl_context_.set_verify_mode(boost::asio::ssl::verify_client_once);
+            ssl_context_.use_certificate_file(crt_filename, ssl_context_t::pem);
+            ssl_context_.use_private_key_file(key_filename, ssl_context_t::pem);
+            ssl_context_.set_options(
+                    boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds
+                          | boost::asio::ssl::context::no_sslv2
+                          | boost::asio::ssl::context::no_sslv3
+                    );
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        ///use .pem file for SSL
+        self_t& ssl_file(const std::string& pem_filename)
+        {
+            use_ssl_ = true;
+            ssl_context_.set_verify_mode(boost::asio::ssl::verify_peer);
+            ssl_context_.set_verify_mode(boost::asio::ssl::verify_client_once);
+            ssl_context_.load_verify_file(pem_filename);
+            ssl_context_.set_options(
+                    boost::asio::ssl::context::default_workarounds
+                          | boost::asio::ssl::context::no_sslv2
+                          | boost::asio::ssl::context::no_sslv3
+                    );
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        self_t& ssl(boost::asio::ssl::context&& ctx)
+        {
+            use_ssl_ = true;
+            ssl_context_ = std::move(ctx);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+
+        bool use_ssl_{false};
+        ssl_context_t ssl_context_{boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23};
+
+#else
+        template <typename T, typename ... Remain>
+        self_t& ssl_file(T&&, Remain&&...)
+        {
+            // We can't call .ssl() member function unless CROW_ENABLE_SSL is defined.
+            static_assert(
+                    // make static_assert dependent to T; always false
+                    std::is_base_of<T, void>::value,
+                    "Define CROW_ENABLE_SSL to enable ssl support.");
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        self_t& ssl(T&&)
+        {
+            // We can't call .ssl() member function unless CROW_ENABLE_SSL is defined.
+            static_assert(
+                    // make static_assert dependent to T; always false
+                    std::is_base_of<T, void>::value,
+                    "Define CROW_ENABLE_SSL to enable ssl support.");
+            return *this;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        // middleware
+        using context_t = detail::context<Middlewares...>;
+        template <typename T>
+        typename T::context& get_context(const request& req)
+        {
+            static_assert(black_magic::contains<T, Middlewares...>::value, "App doesn't have the specified middleware type.");
+            auto& ctx = *reinterpret_cast<context_t*>(req.middleware_context);
+            return ctx.template get<T>();
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        T& get_middleware()
+        {
+            return utility::get_element_by_type<T, Middlewares...>(middlewares_);
+        }
+
+        ///Wait until the server has properly started
+        void wait_for_server_start()
+        {
+            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(start_mutex_);
+            if (server_started_)
+                return;
+            cv_started_.wait(lock);
+        }
+
+    private:
+        uint16_t port_ = 80;
+        uint16_t concurrency_ = 1;
+        std::string bindaddr_ = "0.0.0.0";
+        Router router_;
+
+        std::chrono::milliseconds tick_interval_;
+        std::function<void()> tick_function_;
+
+        std::tuple<Middlewares...> middlewares_;
+
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+        std::unique_ptr<ssl_server_t> ssl_server_;
+#endif
+        std::unique_ptr<server_t> server_;
+
+        bool server_started_{false};
+        std::condition_variable cv_started_;
+        std::mutex start_mutex_;
+    };
+    template <typename ... Middlewares>
+    using App = Crow<Middlewares...>;
+    using SimpleApp = Crow<>;
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
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